Helper T (Th) cells regulate immune responses by producing various cytokines upon antigen stimulation. Helper T cells can be divided into two subsets, Th1 and Th2 [2]. The Th1 cells are responsible for defense against infectious intracellular microorganisms. The Th2 cells are responsible for defense against extracellular pathogens and the development of allergic immune reactions. The SOCS famil...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The features of asthma are airway inflammation, reversible airflow obstruction, and an increased sensitivity to bronchoconstricting agents, termed airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), excess production of Th2 cytokines, and eosinophil accumulation in the lungs. To investigate the antiasthmatic potential of hesperidin as well as the underlying mechanism involved, we studied...

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized as a multi-factorial inflammatory skin disease that has been increasing worldwide. Previously, we demonstrated that FPG, which is Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), increases the level of interferon (IFN)-gamma in mouse splenocytes in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effects of FPG in an animal model of AD, wi...

Little information exists about the evaluation of potential developmental immunotoxicity induced by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a synthetic persistent and increasingly ubiquitous environmental contaminant. To assess potential sex-specific impacts of PFOS on immunological health in the offspring, using male and female C57BL/6 mice, pups were evaluated for developmental immunotoxic effects ...

cytokines, and then the phenomenon is resurrected unThis paper presents some questions and issues reder a different name. garding the concept of the Th1/Th2 dichotomy and Parenthetically, the phenomenon of the ‘‘T suppressummarizes results using an hsp60 peptide to treat the sor cell’’ has been unusually resistant to its molecular spontaneous autoimmune process of diabetes in NOD resurrection. ...

The story of cytokines goes back to last century when interferon was discovered first time. Cytokines are pleiotropic proteins or small glycoproteins with a molecular weight less than 30 kDa (˂200 amino acids) Cytokines are produced by a number of cell types, such as leukocytes which regulate immunity, inflammation and hematopoiesis [1]. About 200 cytokines are recognized to date. They have a h...

Background and Objectives: Over-production of the type II T-helper cells (Th2-shfit) has been suggested as a candidate mechanism for the etiology in at least one subgroup of schizophrenia. Hitherto, empirical evidence is derived mostly from in vitro cytokine production. Due to frequently undetectable serum levels of the major Th2 cytokine Interleukin-4 (IL-4), direct evidence, measured as a rat...