We previously showed that atRA (all-trans Retinoic Acid, atRA) inhibites chondrogenesis by downregulation of TGF-beta/Smad signaling. However, the molecular link between RA and TGF-beta signaling is unknown. Using a mouse embryo palate mesenchyme micomass cultures (MMCs) system, we explored interactions of RA and TGF-beta signaling during chondrogenesis. We found that atRA suppressed chondrogen...

Expression of transforming growth factor a (TGF a), and transforming growth factor 13 (TGF ,1) was assessed in isolated primary rat intestinal epithelial cells as well as a rat intestinal crypt cell-derived cell line (IEC-6). A gradient in TGF ,8 was present, with high concentrations of a 2.5-kb transcript found in undifferentiated crypt cells and progressively lower amounts of the TGF 13 trans...

A series of studies has shown that application of transforming growth factor b (TGF-b) to a wound has a beneficial effect, especially in animals with wound healing disorders. In this study we have investigated the regulation of TGF-b1, b2, and b3 and their receptors during the repair process. We found a large induction of all three TGF-b isoforms and also of TGF-b types I and II receptors, alth...

TGF-beta has been shown to play critical roles in immune suppression that occurs in cancer patients. TGF-beta has three isoforms, TGF-beta1, 2 and 3. We and others have reported that blockade of all three isoforms enhances tumor immunosurveillance and cancer vaccine efficacy in mouse tumor models. Among the three isoforms of TGFbeta, TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2, especially TGF-beta1, have been wide...

The transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) belongs to a family of structurally related polypeptide factors. TGF-beta plays an important role in the pathobiology of invasion of malignant gliomas. The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17) signaling on the process of TGF-β1-stimulated migration and invasion of T98G glioma cells. We fo...

introduction: it has been shown that gama-ifn is one of the major cytokines involved in lung fibrosis. it has also been demonstrated that nitric oxide (no) may exert vasodilation, edema and cytotoxicity, and it may stimulate cytokinedependent processes in the lungs. in this study, the effect of 17-beta estradiol (17-betae2) and five alpha dihydrotestosterone (5alfa-dht) on no release by tgf bet...

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) activity is controlled at many levels including the conversion of the latent secreted form to its active state. TGF-beta is often released as part of an inactive tripartite complex consisting of TGF-beta, the TGF-beta propeptide, and a molecule of latent TGF-beta binding protein (LTBP). The interaction of TGF-beta and its cleaved propeptide renders the...

Using the rat balloon catheter denudation model, we examined the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) isoforms in vascular repair processes. By en face in situ hybridization, proliferating and quiescent smooth muscle cells in denuded vessels expressed high levels of mRNA for TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, and lower levels of TGF-beta receptor II (TGF-betaRII) mRNA. Compared with...

PURPOSE The main cause of failure after retinal reattachment surgery is proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), in which contractile fibrocellular membranes form on the retinal surface and vitreous base. Recently, elevated levels of transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) were measured in the vitreous of patients with PVR, suggesting a possible association with the disease. Because neutra...

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and -β2 are correlated with poorer prognosis in gastric cancer (GC), which act in both tumor and immune cells. However, their expressions in precancer and tumor-cell interactions with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) remain unclear. Protein levels of TGF-β1 and -β2 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and corresponding mRNA levels were determine...