Multiple response categorical variables (MRCVs), also known as “pick any” or “choose all that apply” variables, summarize survey questions for which respondents are allowed to select more than one category response option. Traditional methods for analyzing the association between categorical variables are not appropriate with MRCVs due to the within-subject dependence among responses. We have d...

This paper proposes a new method of improved meta analysis to combine relative risk for both homogeneous and heterogeneous set of studies. The standard meta analyses don’t give any conclusive result when the effects of heterogenous studies are combined. The proposed improved meta analysis uses the predicted relative risk, and chi-square test to check the heterogeneity of the effects. Confidence...

Applied researchers have employed chi-square tests for more than one hundred years. This paper addresses the question of how one should follow a statistically significant chi-square test result in order to determine the source of that result. Four approaches were evaluated: calculating residuals, comparing cells, ransacking, and partitioning. Data from two recent journal articles were used to i...

This study was designed to find out the anxiety levels of the mothers in relation to birth status of the babies and anxiety in relation to age of the mothers. The sample consisted mothers of 25 premature born babies and mothers of 25 normal born babies. They were given by the Bengali version of “Dutt Personality Inventory” to answer. Data were analyzed by t-test, chi-square and product moment c...

One shortcoming of the Pearson chi-square test is that it only examines the distribution of experiment outcomes, but not their interdependence. For example, the test statistic is invariant against re-ordering the outcomes. To remedy the shortcoming, G. Marsaglia suggested combining consecutive outcomes to form tuples and then examining the distribution of the tuples. The statistic of the test i...

METHODS A mailed survey was sent to 5000 randomly selected women from the United States (controls) and 407 women with IC from a large referral center (cases). The Female Sexual Distress Scale and questions about sexual function, desire, orgasm, and pain were included. The Student t test was used to compare the mean values, and the chi-square test was used to compare the proportions between the ...

An example of data from a study of disfl uencies in speech is shown in Table 1, which shows the parts of speech of 335 words following three types of disfl uencies. Both the part of speech and the disfl uency markers represent categorical variables. Table 1 shows that 30 uh’s were followed by a noun, 20 uhm’s were followed by a verb, etc. One question a researcher may be interested in exploring...

Background: The Ethiopian epidemic is currently on the wane. However, the situation for infected children is in some ways lagging behind due to low treatment coverage and deficient prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Too few studies have examined HIV infected children presenting to care in low-income countries in general. Considering the presence of local variations in the nature of the...