BACKGROUND The accuracy of the conclusions from in vivo efficacy anti-malarial drug trials depends on distinguishing between recrudescences and re-infections which is accomplished by genotyping genes coding P. falciparum merozoite surface 1 (MSP1) and MSP2. However, the reliability of the PCR analysis depends on the genetic markers' allelic diversity and variant frequency. In this study the gen...

BACKGROUND Measurement of malaria endemicity is typically based on vector or parasite measures. A complementary approach is the detection of parasite specific IgG antibodies. We determined the antibody levels and seroconversion rates to both P. vivax and P. falciparum merozoite antigens in individuals living in areas of varying P. vivax endemicity in Pará state, Brazilian Amazon region. METHO...

B cell and plasma cell responses take place in lymphoid organs, but because of the inaccessibility of these organs, analyses of human responses are largely performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). To determine whether PBMC are a useful source of memory B cells and plasma cells in malaria, and whether they reflect Plasmodium-specific B cell responses in spleen or bone marrow, w...

BACKGROUND Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) plays an important role in mediating protective immune responses to malaria. Although human serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the second most abundant class of antibody in the circulation, its contribution, if any, to protective responses against malaria is not clear. RESULTS To explore the mechanism(s) by which IgA may mediate a protective effect, we gen...

in order to study the effects of terminal heat stress and nitrogen on morphophysiological characteristics, anue (agronomical nitrogen use efficiency) and yield of canola, an experiment was conducted at research farm of ramin agricultural sciences and natural resources university. the experiment was arranged in split plots based on randomized complete block design with four replications. main pl...

whereas there is an exact linear relation between the wiener indices of kenograms and plerograms of isomeric alkanes, the respective terminal wiener indices exhibit a completely different behavior: correlation between terminal wiener indices of kenograms and plerograms is absent, but other regularities can be envisaged. in this article, we analyze the basic properties of terminal wiener indices...

Abstract Background The complexity of infection in malaria-endemic areas is exacerbated by the presence genetically diverse Plasmodium falciparum strains. There a risk that more virulent or drug-resistant versions disease may arise. Therefore, we reviewed most reported molecular markers have been detailed to date Nigeria. Main body abstract In this review, summarized genetic diversity P. Nigeri...