Tests of selective neutrality based on comparative and population genetic data target different time scales of selection. Investigating both time scales on the same genes has rarely been done and yet can provide insights into histories of selection. In pathogens, such a comparison can elucidate whether the same genes experience recurrent positive selection across specialization events onto nove...

Many techniques for model selection in the field of neural networks correspond to well established statistical methods. The method of 'stopped training', on the other hand, in which an oversized network is trained until the error on a further validation set of examples deteriorates, then training is stopped, is a true innovation, since model selection doesn't require convergence of the training...

background: to examine the effect of nutritional education on children’s breakfast patterns methods: a kindergarten based nutrition intervention was started in september 2001 among 8 kindergartens in hefei with a total of 2,012 children aged 4-6 years and their parent pairs. results: monthly nutrition education sessions were held over two semesters in kindergartens part of the intervention arm....