The development of larger technical systems relies on the coordination of autonomous action of a multitude of individuals and organizations. Institutional settings, often neglected in the analysis of technical development, help to achieve such coordination. Our analysis of international technical standardization in telecommunications highlights an institutionalized process aiming at the creatio...

Standards are one of the key components of information technology today. Yet, despite their public and widespread implications, the underlying standardisation processes are something of a “black box” to outsiders. This begs the question how standards are determined, and by whom. The paper will look at the lowest, and most technical level of this process, where the basic technological decisions ...

SDOs and Patent Policies Standards developed through a consensus process deliver substantial consumer benefits by allowing components produced by many suppliers to work together, encouraging investment and competition in standard-compliant products. Collaborative standards also may eliminate the uncertainty and delays associated with a marketplace standards war. More over, consensus standards a...

Abstract – DLMS/COSEM and IEC 60870-5 standards, are the most widely accepted standards for smart grid industries at Europe and large sections of the world. It is the trend for the observable future. This paper reviews these standards, and an effort is being made to present the material from an innovative point of view. There are various accurate and clear papers describing the standards, and t...

Background: In Burkina Faso, the agricultural sector accounts for 35% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and employs 82% of the active population. The agri-food industries must apply the requirements of the management systems to improve their economic position and ensure sustainable development. The present study aimed to highlight the similarities and particularities of these repositories gro...

the ministry of health and medical education of iran, along with the country movement towards achievements of iran's vision 2025 put compilation of the health system reform plan on its agenda. in this article, we are trying to show the method we used for developing this plan and how this method considered the general condition of the country along with maintaining the standards of scientific an...

There has been an increasing trend for Electrical and Electronic (E&E) companies to migrate their Supply Chain Management (SCM) online using Internet technologies. In Malaysia however, many of these E&E companies have not or are reluctant to invest in IT to improve their SCM. In order for companies to successfully migrate their SCM online, they need to solve both technical and business issues t...