Calcium ions are the principal second messenger in the control of gene expression by electrical activation of neurons. However, the full complexity of calcium-signaling pathways leading to transcriptional activation and the cellular machinery involved are not known. Using the c-fos gene as a model system, we show here that the activity of its complex promoter is controlled by three independentl...

Vital bleaching is one of the most conservative, simple, economical, and painless measure to lighten teeth. In-office bleaching has the advantage of immediate results while requiring less patient’s effort. The recent introduction of resin barriers and commercially available bleaching systems with a highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide has also significantly improved the convenience of the The ...

Vital teeth tend to present color changes that compromise esthetics substantially. These discolorations can be extrinsic or intrinsic according to the location and the cause of the stain. Many dentists have indicated the treatment of intrinsic discolorations with bleaching agents. Thanks to innovations in bleaching agents, tooth whitening has become more and more popular among dental profession...

Oxygen delignification can be considered to be the most important part of TCF and ECF bleaching sequences because it allows for cleaner production of pulp. During the process, oxygen gets one electron from lignin in the alkaline condition to form some active oxygen species (AOS), including a superoxide anion radical (O2-•), which is crucial for lignin degradation without damage of carbohydrates...

Chelation of unbleached and oxygen bleached hardwood and softwood kraft pulps with EDTA was studied. The main focus was on the desorption of magnesium, manganese, and iron due to their impact in TCF-bleaching. Desorption of other metal ions present were also studied in order to get an over-all estimation of the metal ion concentrations and their desorption during chelation. By using the concept...

Bleaching refers to the loss of colour in symbioses between dinoflagellate algae of the genus Symbiodinium and marine benthic animals, e.g. corals. Bleaching generally results in depressed growth and increased mortality, and it can be considered as a deleterious physiological response or ailment. An explanatory framework for the causes of bleaching comprises three elements: the external factors...

Thermally induced bleaching has caused a global decline in corals and the frequency of such bleaching events will increase. Thermal bleaching severely disrupts the trophic behaviour of the coral holobiont, reducing the photosynthetically derived energy available to the coral host. In the short term this reduction in energy transfer from endosymbiotic algae results in an energy deficit for the c...

OBJECTIVE To test the null hypothesis that no difference exists between the effects of at-home bleaching and in-office bleaching on shear bond strength (SBS) with bracket bonding at 4 different time intervals after dental bleaching. METHODS Ninety extracted human premolars were randomly divided into 9 groups (n = 10) according to the bleaching methods used (at-home bleaching and in-office ble...

background bleaching of traumatized discolored teeth is considered an important issue in esthetic dentistry. various methods have been introduced for bleaching, some of which may have adverse effects on soft or hard tissues of the tooth. objectives the objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of ktp laser bleaching on enamel of traumatized teeth. materials and methods a square of 36 m...

Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in the development of colon cancer. HS7 is an active fraction extracted from Taiwanofungus camphoratus, which had been widely used as complementary medicine for Taiwan cancer patients in the past decades. In this study, we demonstrated the effects of HS7 on the growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, and Wnt/β-catenin signal...