The success of anti-cancer therapies largely depends on the ability of the therapeutics to reach their designated cellular and intracellular target sites, while minimizing accumulation and action at nonspecific sites. Surface modification of nanoparticulate carriers with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/ poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has emerged as a strategy to enhance solubility of hydrophobic drugs,...

Geographic targeting is perhaps the most popular mechanism used to direct social programs to the poor in Latin America. This paper empirically compares geographic targeting indicators available in Peru. To this effect, I combine household-level information from the 1994 and 1997 Peru Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) and district-level information from the 1993 Peru Population and Hous...

Morpholino phosphorodiamidate antisense oligonucleotides (MOs) and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are commonly used platforms to study gene function by sequence-specific knockdown. Both technologies, however, can elicit undesirable off-target effects. We have used several model genes to study these effects in detail in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Using the zebrafish embryo as a template, corre...

To avoid side effects, it is often desirable to increase the specificity of a drug candidate when targeting one member of a family of related proteins, whereby one exploits small differences between the structures of the binding sites. Identification of such differences can be carried out by analyzing the distributions of physicochemical properties mapped onto molecular surfaces. Here we demons...

Pinch analysis is vital in optimizing heat exchanger networks (HENs). Targeting methods are used when determining cost effectiveness with pinch analysis. However, the existing targeting for capital of HEN not suitable wide application scenarios. Therefore, we developed a high-accuracy general capital-cost-targeting method. It built on final structure that was evolved from spaghetti through four...

This paper draws out some implications of son targeting fertility behaviour for gender inequality. It is demonstrated that such behaviour has two notable implications at the aggregate level: (a)larger number of siblings for girls (Sibling Effect), and (b)a higher within-family birth order for boys (Birth Order Effect). While the first tends to worsen gender inequality through monetary factors, ...

Environmental and genetic activation of a brain-adipocyte axis inhibits cancer progression. Leptin is the primary peripheral mediator of this anticancer effect in a mouse model of melanoma. In this study we assessed the effect of a leptin receptor antagonist on melanoma progression. Local administration of a neutralizing nanobody targeting the leptin receptor at low dose adjacent to tumor decre...

Effective glucose diet: We report the development and activity of glucose-conjugated LDH-A inhibitors designed for dual targeting of the Warburg effect (elevated glucose uptake and glycolysis) in cancer cells. Glycoconjugation could be applied to inhibitors of many enzymes involved in glycolysis or tumor metabolism.

Many bacterial species contain intracellular nano- and micro-compartments consisting of self-assembling proteins that form protein-only shells. These structures are built up by combinations of a reduced number of repeated elements, from 60 repeated copies of one unique structural element self-assembled in encapsulins of 24 nm to 10,000-20,000 copies of a few protein species assembled in a organ...

In the field of nasal delivery, one of the most fascinating applications is the delivery of 20 drugs directly to the central nervous system bypassing the blood brain barrier. This approach would 21 provide a series of benefits, such as dose lowering and direct targeting of potent drugs, ultimately 22 reducing their systemic side effects. Recently, clinical trials have explored the nasal adminis...