although many methods exist for intensity modulated radiotherapy (imrt) fluence map optimization for crisp data, based on clinical practice, some of the involved parameters are fuzzy. in this paper, the best fluence maps for an imrt procedure were identifed as a solution of an optimization problem with a quadratic objective function, where the prescribed target dose vector was fuzzy. first, a d...

Although many methods exist for intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) fluence map optimization for crisp data, based on clinical practice, some of the involved parameters are fuzzy. In this paper, the best fluence maps for an IMRT procedure were identifed as a solution of an optimization problem with a quadratic objective function, where the prescribed target dose vector was fuzzy. First, a d...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease which is presented by environmental factors and genetic predisposition, increasingly affecting a large number of people worldwide. CNS inflammation is a local tissue response to stimulants and is characterized by induction of cytokines, chemokines and vascular permeability. Our goal in this study is to understand the micro-environmen...

RLIP76 is a multifunctional transporter protein that serves as an energy-dependent efflux mechanism for endogenously generated toxic metabolites as well as exogenous toxins, including chemotherapy drugs. Our recent studies in cultured cells, syngeneic animal tumor model, and in xenograft model have shown that RLIP76 serves a major cancer-specific antiapoptotic role in a wide variety of histolog...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly. Brain tissue changes indicate that the two main proteins involved in AD are amyloid-beta (A-beta), which is associated with the formation of senile amyloid plaques, and tau, which is associated with the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Although a central role for A-beta in the pathogenesis of AD...

Biliverdin reductase (BVR) is a multifunctional protein that is the primary source of the potent antioxidant, bilirubin. BVR regulates activities/functions in the insulin/IGF-1/IRK/PI3K/MAPK pathways. Activation of certain kinases in these pathways is/are hallmark(s) of cancerous cells. The protein is a scaffold/bridge and intracellular transporter of kinases that regulate growth and proliferat...

Melanoma accounts for only 5% of all cancers but is the leading cause of skin cancer death due to its high metastatic potential. Patients with metastatic melanoma have a 10-year survival rate of less than 10%. While the clinical landscape for melanoma is evolving rapidly, lack of response to therapies, as well as resistance to therapy remain critical obstacles for treatment of this disease. In ...

Apoptosis, the cell's natural mechanism for death, is a promising target for anticancer therapy. Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways use caspases to carry out apoptosis through the cleavage of hundreds of proteins. In cancer, the apoptotic pathway is typically inhibited through a wide variety of means including overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins and under-expression of proapoptotic ...