Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing b-cells. The killing of b-cells is not currently measurable; b-cell functional studies routinely used are affected by environmental factors such as glucose and cannot distinguish death from dysfunction. Moreover, it is not known whether immune therapies affect killing. We developed an assay to identify b-cell de...

INTRODUCTION It is well established that type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease. Controversial data exists regarding the differential control of the immune system in T1D patients compared to unaffected individuals. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the control of gene expression (by negative regulation of gene expression at post-transcriptional level, by mediating translational repress...

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic diseases with childhood onset, and the disease incidence has increased from two-to fivefold over the past half century from, as of yet, unknown reasons. T1D occurs when the body's immune system turns against itself, destroying in a very specific and targeted way the pancreatic beta cells. T1D results from poorly defined interactions betwee...

Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADAs) are one of the markers of islet cell autoimmunity and are sometimes present before the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D). GADA can be present in Graves' patients without diabetes; however, the outcome of GADA-positive Graves' patients is not fully understood, and the predictive value of GADA for the development of T1D in Graves' patients remains to be...

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease ultimately leading to destruction of insulin secreting β-cells in the pancreas. Genetic susceptibility plays an important role in T1D etiology, but even mono-zygotic twins only have a concordance rate of around 50%, underlining that other factors than purely genetic are involved in disease development. Here we review the influence of dietary and en...

Genetic studies have identified >60 loci associated with the risk of developing type 1 diabetes (T1D). The vast majority of these are identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using large case-control cohorts of European ancestry. More than 80% of the heritability of T1D can be explained by GWAS data in this population group. However, with few exceptions, their individual contributio...

Background According to the IDF the number of cases worldwide reached 387 million in 2014, while Brazil occupies the 4th place in the overall ranking with over 13 million cases. These data refer to both Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and T1D. Although T1D affects the minority of patients, it is responsible for many of the serious complications. T1D, usually diagnosed in youth, requires continuous treatm...

While significant research has clearly identified sedentary behavior as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and its subsequent complications, the concept that inactivity could be linked to the complications associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains underappreciated. This paper summarizes the known effects of exercise on T1D at the tissue level and focuses on the pancreas, bone, the cardiovasc...

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been associated with both genetic and environmental factors. Increasing incidence of T1D worldwide is prompting researchers to adopt different approaches to explain the biology of T1D, beyond the presence and activity of autoreactive lymphocytes. In this review, we propose inflammatory pathways as triggers for T1D. Within the scope of those inflammatory pathways and in...

T-cell responses directed against insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells are the key events highlighting type 1 diabetes (T1D). Therefore, a defective control of T-cell activation is thought to underlie T1D development. Recent studies implicated a B7-like negative costimulatory protein, V-set domain-containing T-cell activation inhibitor-1 (VTCN1), as a molecule capable of inhibiting T-cell activ...