In the late 1980s, Tim Mosmann and colleagues isolated functionally distinct T helper (Th)-1 and Th2 clones, and provided evidence that these two subsets were mutually inhibitory. Knowledge of the inhibition led to the discovery that Th2 cells make IL-10 to suppress Th1 cells.

Mucosal immune responses to fungal infection range from T helper type 2 (Th2) cell-directed allergic inflammation to Th1-predominant neutrophilic inflammation, but the mechanisms directing these divergent mucosal immune outcomes and the role of T cells in host defense against mucosal fungal infections are not known. Here we examined the mouse mucosal immune responses to 12 filamentous environme...

Background Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the development of the adaptive immune response. Unbalance DC response can cause Th1, Th17 or Th2-mediated diseases. By in vitro manipulation, Th2 and Th17 cell lines can be reprogrammed into Th1. This highlights the notion of the plasticity of different populations of CD4 T helper cells. So far, the conversion of Th17 memory cells into Th...

IMPORTANCE Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) are inflammatory diseases thought to be mediated by helper T-cell subtypes 1 and 2 (TH1 and TH2), respectively. Although psoriasis and AD show histopathologic differences during chronic disease, they are difficult to distinguish histologically during erythrodermic exacerbations. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the immune phenotype of helper T cel...

Naive T helper cells differentiate into functionally distinct effector subsets that drive specialized immune responses. Recent studies indicate that some of the effector subsets have plasticity. Here, we used an EAE model and found that Th17 cells deficient in the transcription factor BCL11B upregulated the Th2-associated proteins GATA3 and IL-4 without decreasing RAR-related orphan receptor γ ...

The serine/threonine-specific protein kinase C (PKC)-theta is predominantly expressed in T cells and localizes to the center of the immunological synapse upon T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 signaling. T cells deficient in PKC-theta exhibit reduced interleukin (IL)-2 production and proliferative responses in vitro, however, its significance in vivo remains unclear. We found that pkc-theta(-/-) m...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Human cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the most important and widespread parasitic zoonoses. T helper cell-2 (Th2) dominated immunity in CE is associated with increased susceptibility to the disease, while T helper cell-1 (Th1) cell activation is assumed to induce protective immunity. Hence, in order to investigate in vivo Th2 cell ...

We previously demonstrated that Akt differentially modulated a subset of NF-kB target genes during T cell activation. In the current study, we further explored the broader effects of Akt inhibition on T cell gene induction. Global microarray analysis was used to characterize T helper cell transcriptional responses following antigen receptor stimulation in the absence or presence of Akti1/2 (an ...

The qualitative features of immune responses are influenced by the polarization of helper T cells towards two distinct phenotypes, Th1 and Th2. Recent evidence suggests that these helper cell subsets may be differentially recruited to the sites of different types of inflammatory reaction.