I n 1961, Bernard Fall, a scholar and practitioner of war, published a book entitled The Street Without Joy. The book provided a lucid account of why the French Expeditionary Corps failed to defeat the Viet Minh during the Indochina War, and the book’s title derived from the French soldiers’sardonic moniker for Highway 1 on the coast of Indochina—“Ambush Alley,” or the “Street without Joy.” In ...

Although a small number of landmines were introduced into modern warfare during World War I, the tactics of landmine use, both in the deployment and removal, did not become clear until World War II. By 1939, the German and Italian armies had developed both antitank and antipersonnel landmines, which were used effectively against the Allied forces. Naturally, the Allies developed techniques for ...

Throughout the early 1950s, as the Korean War raged, a single contentious question consumed political debate in the United States: Who lost China? Political opponents tossed this question back and forth hoping that the tar baby would stick to someone on the other side and let them affix blame both for the Korean War and, more importantly, for allowing communists to seize control of the most pop...

T his risk assessment provides an estimate of the likelihood of introduction of H5N1 HPAI from recently infected countries (Lebanon and Iraq) to other countries in the Middle East region and neighbouring territories as a result of the movement of live poultry (both legal and illegal), poultry-related products and the migration of wild birds. The preliminary assessment based on the available inf...

The rise and decline of free trade in the 19th century and the attendant economic and political consequences of these trends have always intrigued historians and economists. In the difficult times following World War I, when international trade relations had to be rebuilt, the free trade episode among European countries in the second half of the 19th century was perceived as a golden age. Durin...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184832.].

The revolutionary transformation in Russian science toward the Soviet model of research started even before the revolution of 1917. It was triggered by the crisis of World War I, in response to which Russian academics proposed radical changes in the goals and infrastructure of the country's scientific effort. Their drafts envisioned the recognition of science as a profession separate from teach...

Through the past 60 years, forests, now of various age classes, have been established in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula through nationwide efforts to reestablish forests since the Korean War (1950-53), during which more than 65% of the nation's forest was destroyed. Careful evaluation of long-term changes in vegetation growth after reforestation is one of the essential steps to ensur...

Note: This draft chapter was first written almost twenty years ago for a textbook that never got finished. (Or, to be more precise, my chapters were pretty much finished; my co-authors’ chapter wasn’t. Too bad, because we had a contract for the textbook with Oxford University Press.) One co-author, Richmond Thomason, also contributed to this chapter, though it was mainly written by me. The pres...