The vast amount of data generated by genome projects and the recent development of population genetics models make comparative sequence analyses a very powerful approach with which to detect the footprints of selection. Studies on synonymous codon usage show that traits with minuscule phenotypic effects can be molded by natural selection. But variations in mutation patterns and processes of bia...

Regarding the recent article by Shaygannejad et al. [1], we are writing to express serious concerns about the portrayal of the intervention and the authors' interpretation and discussion of the findings. Of predominate concern is that the authors utilized a calcitriol intervention in their study but referred to it as " vitamin D ". The erroneous use of the term " vitamin D " is of concern for s...

Partitioning the total substitution rate into synnonymous and nonsynonymous components is a key aspect of many analyses in molecular evolution. Numerous methods exist for estimating these rates. However, until recently none of the estimation procedures were based on a sound statistical footing. In this paper, the evolutionary model of Muse and Gaut (1994) is used as the basis for two sets of pa...

Human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) represent the most frequent type of human population DNA variation. One of the main goals of SNP research is to understand the genetics of the human phenotype variation and especially the genetic basis of human complex diseases. Non-synonymous coding SNPs (nsSNPs) comprise a group of SNPs that, together with SNPs in regulatory regions, are believed t...

Automatically acquiring synonymous collocation pairs such as and from corpora is a challenging task. For this task, we can, in general, have a large monolingual corpus and/or a very limited bilingual corpus. Methods that use monolingual corpora alone or use bilingual corpora alone are apparently inadequate because of low precision or low coverage. I...

 Examples MS-DRGs distinguish between patients admitted with sepsis due to pneumonia, or septic shock, and sepsis due to other infections such as UTI or cellulitis, giving credit for increased severity of illness for patients with an “MCC” or major complication / comorbid condition. Operational definitions referenced by the Cooperating Parties on behalf of the American Hospital Association (A...