Surgical simulators have recently attracted attention because they enable the evaluation of the surgical skills of medical doctors and the performance of medical devices. However, thermal damage to the human body during surgery is difficult to evaluate using conventional surgical simulators. In this study, we propose a functional surgical model with a temperature-indicating function for the eva...

error is an inevitable part of life and cannot be completely eliminated, but it can be minimized. a root cause analysis is a technique for understanding the systematic error causes that is involved beyond a person or people to implement an errors and including field and environmental causes of errors when occur in this situation too. an important factor of an error occurrence is a root cause (c...

Surgical error due to incorrect identification of the surgical site has been known to occur right from the beginning of surgical practice through the ages. However, increasing awareness, preventative efforts and risks of litigation have not eliminated this problem. Cutaneous surgery for skin cancer makes up a large proportion of procedures performed each year and it is often difficult to correc...

OBJECTIVE Most procedures to treat refractive error are based on laser surgery, but other techniques are available. We review the relative advantages and the risk associated with the different surgical options. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Laser refractive surgery is now a safe and effective alternative to glasses or contact lenses. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Because refractive surgery is an area of rapidl...

purpose: to report a case who had undergone lasik in his right eye and prk in the fellow eye for correction of equivalent myopia but developed progressive post-operative keratectasia only in the right eye. patient and findings: a 30-year-old man had undergone lasik in right eye 3 years ago for correction of refractive error of -1.75  -1.50@48° and prk in left eye 2 years ago for correction of r...