As the electronic industry advances rapidly, the shrunk dimension of the device leads to more stringent requirement on process control and quality assurance. For instance, the tiny size of the solder bumps grown on wafers for direct die-todie bonding pose great challenge to the inspection of the bumps’ 3D quality. Traditional pattern projection method of recovering 3D is about projecting a ligh...

in this study, effect of slope on soil wetting pattern under surface drip irrigation and simulation with hydrus-2d model evaluated.the physical model made of plexiglas to size 83, 6 and 54 cm (length, width, height) filled with silty clay loam soil was used. to achieve the desired discharge, a small drip irrigation system created that includes a water tank with a fixed height (about 2 meters), ...

Synaptic bodies (spherules) of the rod cells of the cat retina commonly contain several conspicuous mitochondria. These have been observed frequently to aggregate in an unusually intimate way, in pairs, or in small clusters of as many as seven (Fig. 2). An exceptional feature of this association is that the apposing surface membranes of adjacent mitochondria come to lie closely together with a ...

In many cases it is necessary to measure the velocity of water flow whether it is during some installation of scientific research or some natural calamities. But, In surface water studies, it is difficult to measure the velocity of water. Contact Sensors have been used in various examination but they did not execute accurate result. In this paper non-contact velocity measurement technique based...

The aim is to compare the strain pattern in intact and resurfaced femurs using validated third-generation composite femurs and rosette strain gauges. The rosette strain gauges were applied to an intact and a resurfaced third-generation composite femur at three sites: the narrowest part of the lateral surface of the neck, the narrowest part of the medial surface of the neck, and the medial surfa...

Many types of micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) based products are currently employed in a variety of applications. However, high friction in these systems is a problem which limits the development of MEMS devices in which sliding contacts are involved. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of boundary slip on the hydrodynamic friction in a low load lubricated MEMS, in particu...

Atomic-scale surface structure plays an important role in describing many properties of materials, especially in the case of nanomaterials. One of the most effective techniques for the determination of surface structure is lowenergy electron diffraction (LEED), which can be used in conjunction with optimization to fit simulated LEED intensities to experimental data. This optimization problem ha...

The process of photosynthesis is facilitated in a plant by pores in its surface called stomata. When a particular stoma is open, CO2 is absorbed through its aperture, but H2O is also lost due to evaporation. Thus a plant will seek a stomatal aperture that balances its need for CO2 with its aversion to H2O loss. In order to visualize a particular leaf’s stomatal aperture distribution and how it ...

This paper describes a new approach for passive measurements of specular surfaces, in which the range and shape of specular surfaces are obtained from virtual images of pattern boards taken by the camera. In the approach, structured patterns displayed on two boards are acquired with a camera through the specular surface and each reflection point on the object is located geometrically using the ...