[1] Magnetic field observations made during 28 October to 1 November 2003, which included two fast interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), allow a study of correlation lengths of magnetic field parameters for two types of interplanetary (IP) structures: ICMEs and ambient solar wind. Further, they permit the extension of such investigations to the magnetosheath and to a distance along the...

A polarizing heliospheric imager is a critical next generation tool for space weather monitoring and prediction. Heliospheric imagers can track coronal mass ejections (CMEs) as they cross the solar system, using sunlight scattered by electrons in the CME. This tracking has been demonstrated to improve the forecasting of impact probability and arrival time for Earth-directed CMEs. Polarized imag...

Constructed upon a height (by footing) or breaking in to the ground, in a building, making a close relation between earth and soil is of great importance. In addition, earth as a prior factor in creation of a shade and residence, plays a crucial role in architecture history. Throughout the different area, earth is paid attention differently: as a source of cool (in China), a source of heat (Cap...

The most fundamental problem in solar system research is still unsolved: how can the Sun with a surface temperature of only 5800 K heat up its atmosphere to more than a million K? In fact, the solar atmosphere is so hot that not even the Sun’s enormous gravity can contain it. Part of it is continuously evaporating into interplanetary space: the SOLAR WIND. As a highly ionized magnetized plasma ...

Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) may be indirectly detected by observation of upward muons induced by energetic neutrinos from annihilation of WIMPs that have accumulated in the Sun and/or Earth. Energetic muon neutrinos come from the decays of leptons, c, b, and t quarks, gauge bosons, and Higgs bosons produced by WIMP annihilation. We provide analytic expressions, suitable for com...

The coordination and control of a constellation of spacecraft, flying a few meters from one another, dictates several interesting design requirements, including efficient architectures and algorithms for formation acquisition, reorientation and resizing. The spacecraft must perform these transitions without interfering or colliding into each other. Furthermore position keeping is fundamental fo...

Context. Detecting regular dips in the light curve of a star is an easy way to detect the presence of an orbiting planet. CoRoT is a Franco-European mission launched at the end of 2006, and one of its main objectives is to detect planetary systems using the transit method. Aims. In this paper, we present a new method for transit detection and determine the smallest detected planetary radius, as...

Life evolved on earth slowly over a few billions of years. During this time, and before, the earth has been rotating around its own tilted axis and simultaneously revolving around the sun. Thus, it is no surprise that the periodic environmental consequences of the rotation (day and night), the tilt (changing day length) and of the revolution (seasons) should influence life-forms right from thei...