Temporal summation, a decrease in the detection threshold that occurs when either the duration of a stimulus or the number of stimuli in a sequence is increased, has been attributed to the operations of either the mechanism of neural integration or of probability summation. Our experiments indicate that under certain conditions, both mechanisms may operate, but that the process of neural integr...

Bees are predominantly diurnal; only a few groups fly at night. An evolutionary limitation that bees must overcome to inhabit dim environments is their eye type: bees possess apposition compound eyes, which are poorly suited to vision in dim light. Here, we theoretically examine how nocturnal bees Megalopta genalis fly at light levels usually reserved for insects bearing more sensitive superpos...

in this paper, at rst for a given set of real or complex numbers  with nonnegative summation, we introduce some special conditions that with them there is no nonnegative tridiagonal matrix in which  is its spectrum. in continue we present some conditions for existence such nonnegative tridiagonal matrices.

Previous studies have demonstrated an inverse relation between the size of the complete spatial summation area and ganglion cell density. We hypothesized that if this relation is dynamic, the spatial summation area at 6° nasal would expand to compensate for age-related losses of retinal ganglion cells but not in the fovea where age-related loss in ganglion cell density is not significant. This ...

Previous work (Verrillo, 1963, 1968) has shown that when measured as a change in absolute threshold, spatial summation occurs only at vibration frequencies above 40 Hz. The present study measured vibrotactile spatial summation at suprathreshold amplitudes. A matchingtask was used to investig-ate the effect of varying contactor size on sensory magnitude at three different vibration frequencies. ...

Division-free arithmetic computations can be boiled down to summation due to Dekker/Veltkamp’s algorithm of 1971. The known double-precision numerical algorithms for summation are highly effective but limited by rounding errors. Our new summation algorithms relaxe this limitation, although they still almost entirely amount to double-precision additions. The efficiency of the algorithms is confi...

We propose a developmental model of the summation pools within the layer 4. The model is based on the modular structure of the neocortex and captures some of the known properties of layer 4. Connections between the orientation minicolumns are developed during exposure to visual input. Excitatory local connections are dense and biased towards the iso-orientation domain. Excitatory long-range con...

In this paper, summation formulae for the 2-variable Legendre polynomials in terms of certain multi-variable special polynomials are derived. Several summation formulae for the classical Legendre polynomials are also obtained as applications. Further, Hermite-Legendre polynomials are introduced and summation formulae for these polynomials are also established.

where df{n) denotes the number of divisors of n, d = i (mod 4). In literature there are several proofs of (1) and (2). For instance, M. D. Hirschhorn [7; 8] proved (1) and (2) using Jacobi's triple product identity. S. Bhargava & Chandrashekar Adiga [4] have proved (1) and (2) as a consequence of Ramanujan's ^ summation formula [10]. Recently R. Askey [2] has proved (1) and also derived a formu...