To elucidate mechanisms that regulate chloroplast RNA splicing in multicellular plants, we sought nuclear mutations in maize that result in chloroplast splicing defects. Evidence is presented for two nuclear genes whose function is required for the splicing of group II introns in maize chloroplasts. A mutation in the crs1 (for chloroplast RNA splicing 1) gene blocks the splicing of only the atp...

To each fuzzy subgroup a fuzzy equivalence relation is associated and it is proved that a fuzzy subgroup is normal if and only if the operation of the group is compatible with its associated fuzzy equivalence relation. In the de-nition of fuzzy subgroup only the subset is fuzzy whilst the group operation remains crisp. In an opposite direction, another structure can be constructed maintaining c...