Let L be a Schrödinger operator ( i ∂ ∂x −A(x))2+V (x) with periodic magnetic and electric potentials A,V , a Maxwell operator ∇× 1 ε(x)∇× in a periodic medium, or an arbitrary self-adjoint elliptic linear partial differential operator in R with coefficients periodic with respect to a lattice Γ. Let also S be a finite part of its spectrum separated by gaps from the rest of the spectrum. We cons...