Why care about what emergence is, and whether there is any? To start, many complex entities of our acquaintance—tornados, plants, people and the like—appear to be composed of less complex entities, and to have features which depend, one way or another, on features of their composing entities. Yet such complex entities also appear to be to some extent autonomous, both ontologically and causally,...

In the spirit of Searle’s definition of weak and strong artificial intelligence, this paper presents a discussion on weak computational creativity in swarm intelligence systems. It addresses the concepts of freedom and constraint and their impact on the creativity of the underlying systems. An analogy is drawn on mapping these two ‘prerequisites’ of creativity onto the two well-known phases of ...

we study the convergence of the modified noor iterative scheme for the class of asymptotically pseudocontractive mappings in the intermediate sense which is not necessarily lipschitzian. our results improves, extends and unifies the results of schu [23] and qin {it et al.} [25].

Battigalli and Siniscalchi’s [Journal of Economic Theory 106, 356-391 (2002)] notion of “strong belief”in conditional probability systems and Yang’s [Journal of Economic Theory, forthcoming] notion of “weak assumption”in lexicographic probability systems are unified by the same requirements on preferences. Our analysis, hence, reconciles the tension between Battigalli and Siniscalchi’s characte...

With the help of continuations, we rst construct a transformation T which transforms every term t into a I-term T (t). Then we apply the conservation theorem in -calculus to show that t is strongly normalisable if T (t) has a -normal form. In this way, we succeed in establishing the equivalence between weak and strong normalisation theorems in various typed -calculi. This not only enhances the ...

With the help of continuations, we first construct a transformation T which transforms every Aterm t into a AJ-term T(t). Then we apply the conservation theorem in A-calculus to show that t is strongly normalisable if T(t) has a /J-normal form. In this way, we succeed in establishing the equivalence between weak and strong normalisation theorems in various typed A-calculi. This not only enhance...

Discussions of the Miners Puzzle have prompted renewed interest in how deontic modals can be sensitive to relevant information. Linguistic phenomena involving information-sensitivity have beenused tomotivate general claims about the interpretation of modals and conditionals. These generalizations have been premature. Theorists have focused on a limited range of cases. Nearly all examples use we...