We study the evolution of cooperation under indirect reciprocity, believed to constitute the biological basis of morality. We employ an evolutionary game theoretical model of multilevel selection, and show that natural selection and mutation lead to the emergence of a robust and simple social norm, which we call stern-judging. Under stern-judging, helping a good individual or refusing help to a...

objective: to predict hospital stay by using various clinical parameters at admission.patients and methods: this prospective observational study was conducted over a period of one year (jan – dec 2010) in a tertiary level teaching hospital in north india. out of 344 neonates admitted, 41 left against medical advice and were excluded. at time of admission, initial vital signs were noted along wi...

abstract background: critical care patients are at higher risk for untreated pain. pain has persistent and untreated effects on most of the body systems and results in development of complications, chronic pain, and increased length of stay. the aim of this study was to determine the effects of the implementation of a pain management program on the length of stay in patients with decreased leve...

background: preterm infants need to be hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) and receive specific systematic care in order to survive. nonetheless, long hospital stay leads to parents’ separation from the infant and disturbance in the family life. it also has many undesirable effects on the infant. the present study aimed to determine the effect of family-centered empowerment ...

over the past decade, clinical governance approach with aims to improve the quality of health services has been proposed in iran. considering the obvious problems especially patients' length of stay (los) in the emergency departments (eds); the present study has been carried out with the purpose of investigating the effect of clinical governess approach on patients' los in the one of the larges...

conclusions the job specialization intervention can improve nurses’ satisfaction and relieve the crowdedness of the eds. results there was a significant difference between the two groups of patients concerning the length of their stay in the ed (p < 0.001). moreover, compared with the pretest readings, nurses had greater job satisfaction after the study (p < 0.001). patients and methods this be...

background prolonged intensive care unit (icu) and hospital stay after cardiac surgery is vitally important and is influenced by both intraoperative and postoperative factors. objectives this randomized clinical trial study was designed to assess whether vitamin c supplementation could reduce the length of icu and hospital stay in post-cardiac surgery patients. patients and methods two hundred ...

We estimate the rate of convergence of products of projections on lines in R. Consider the orbit of a point under any sequence of orthogonal projections on K lines in R. Assume that the sum of the squares of the distances of the consecutive iterates is less than ε. We show that if ε tends to zero, then the diameter of the orbit tends to zero uniformly for all families L of a fixed number K of l...

n page 803, Gourlay et al. report the first evidence that the actin cytoskeleton can affect release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria, and thus life span in yeast. Certain mutant Saccharo-myces cerevisiae strains with alleles that reduce actin dynamics possess defective mitochondria. The team O Cells with increased actin dynamics live longer. went on to show that such strains dis...