This is the first of two linked articles that highlight the spurious sodium values that can occur if an indirect ISE technique is used to analyze plasma samples with abnormal protein or lipid concentration. The focus of this first article is spuriously reduced sodium (pseudohyponatremia) due to increased plasma protein or lipid concentration, whilst the subject of the second [1] is spuriously i...

Cortical networks are dynamical systems whose task is to process information. However, in addition to 'intended' dynamical behaviors, the sheer complexity of a cortical network's structure-regardless of its precise details-should generate additional 'unintended' dynamical behaviors. Dynamics observed in cortical network models and in the somatosensory cortex suggest that such spurious dynamical...

In health pO2(a) is maintained within the range 10.613.3 kPa (80-100 mmHg) and hypoxemia (reduced blood oxygen) is diagnosed if pO2(a) is less than 10.6 kPa (80 mmHg). The purpose of this article is to highlight the spurious severe hypoxemia that occurs in patients with particularly high white-cell count or high platelet count. In these patients there is a marked discrepancy between measured (i...

How does detection of correlational structure affect mathematical thinking and learning? When does correlational information lead to erroneous problem solving? Are experienced students susceptible to misleading correlations? This work attempts to answer these questions by examining a source of systematic errors termed the spurious-correlation effect. This effect is hypothesized to occur when a ...

In unitarity cut method, compact input of on-shell tree level amplitudes is crucial to simplify calculations. Although BCFW on-shell recursion relation gives very compact tree level amplitudes, they usually contain spurious poles. In this paper, we present a method to deal with this issue and provide explicit simple algebraic functions for various coefficients in the presence of spurious poles....

Michel e C eccarelli Isti t uto di Ri cerca sui Sist emi In form atici Perelleli, IR SIP-CNR 80125 Nap oli, It aly Ab stract. Additive automata are analyzed and used as associative memories. Th eir storage capacity is comput ed as well as the attrac tion basin of each memorized pattern. We show how such systems can be used when the patterns to be memorized have a subset of relevant features; "s...

Transfer entropy (TE) seems currently to be the most widely used tool to characterize causal influences in ensembles of complex systems from observed time series. In particular, in an elemental case of two systems, nonzero TEs in both directions are usually interpreted as a sign of a bidirectional coupling. However, one often overlooks that both positive TEs may well be encountered for unidirec...

The properties of Granger-causality tests are examined when applied to integrated time series. Recently presented results suggesting spurious causality in such circumstances are shown to be highly dependent upon the absence of deterministic terms from the causality testing equations. The analysis is completed by the examination of an alternative non-parametric causality test.

Bayesian networks are limited in differentiating between causal and spurious relationships among decision factors. Decision making without differentiating the two relationships cannot be effective. To overcome this limitation of Bayesian networks, this study proposes linking Bayesian networks to structural equation modeling (SEM), which has an advantage in testing causal relationships between f...