R134a sprays have been widely used as a method to protect the epidermis during laser therapies of hyper-vascular lesions, such as port wine stains, due to their high heat flux and precise control of cooling duration. Recent studies have shown that the use of vacuum cups during laser treatment can physically dilate the vasculature of interest and improve therapeutic outcome. However, the effects...

Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a material to be penetrated and eroded by sharp projections of other materials such as diamond. The process of creating sharp projections on any test surface is known as indentation. Hardness measurement of any material is the result of a complex process of deformation during indentation. The indenter tip geometry, which includes radius of curvature at...

Cryogen spray cooling allows removing large amounts of heat in short periods of time. Previous investigations have shown that stainless steel wire meshes placed between spray nozzle and target surfaces effectively increase uniformity in lateral heat extraction while reducing cooling efficiency. In this study we used phase Doppler particle analysis to assess the effect of a wire mesh on the diam...

A novel calibration methodology is presented to accurately predict the fundamental characteristics of high-pressure fuel sprays for Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) applications. The model was developed within Siemens Simcenter STAR-CD 3D CFD software environment and used Lagrangian–Eulerian solution scheme. simulations were carried out based on a quiescent, constant volume, computational vessel...

The process of liquid radial reflux interference during jet penetration in a liquid-filled composite structure is divided this study into three stages: bottom plate reflection interference, side-wall and secondary interference. calculation model the velocity interval disturbed residual depth has been established through theoretical analysis. Results show that can interfere with high-speed secti...

introduction: controversial results have been reported when organic acids, ultrasonic instruments and laser techniques were used to remove smear layer in endodontic treatments. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of removing debris and smear layer by er,cr:ysgg laser irradiation on the apical leakage of retrograde cavities. materials and methods: in this ex vivo study, 24 extracted...

development of sensors to detect the location and depth of hard pans in real time is a major restriction on the application of site specific crop management (sscm). in this study, a soil compaction profile sensor equipped with four horizontal operating penetro-meters for on-the-go sensing and mapping of the location and intensity of hard pans arti-ficially formed in a soil bin was developed and...

in-situ testing techniques have proven to be successful in improving the speed and reliability of geotechnical investigations. one of the most common in-situ methods in engineering geology and site investigation is cone penetration test (cpt), which is mainly used for characterization of soils, as it is a robust, simple, fast, reliable and economic test that can provide continuous soundings of ...

in order to comply with stringent pollutant emissions regulations, a detailed analysis of the engine combustion and emission is required. in this field, computational tools like cfd and engine cycle simulation play a fundamental role. therefore, the goal of the present work is to simulate a high speed di diesel engine and study the combustion and major diesel engine emissions with more details,...