BACKGROUND Golden Rice (GR) has been genetically engineered to be rich in β-carotene for use as a source of vitamin A. OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the vitamin A value of β-carotene in GR and in spinach with that of pure β-carotene in oil when consumed by children. DESIGN Children (n = 68; age 6-8 y) were randomly assigned to consume GR or spinach (both grown in a nutrient solutio...

AIMS Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and nonpathogenic E. coli on spinach leaves and in organic soil while growing spinach in a growth chamber was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Spinach plants were maintained in the growth chamber at 20 degrees C (14 h) and 18 degrees C (10 h) settings at 60% relative humidity. Five separate inocula, each containing one strain of E. coli O157:H7 and o...

I was born in Vienna and came to the United States as a refugee in October 1938. This experience played an important role in my view of the world and my approach to science: It contributed to my realization that it was safe to stop working in fields that I felt I understood and to focus on different areas of research by asking questions that would teach me and others something new. I describe m...

We propose a novel avenue for state space reduction in time domain Liouville space spin dynamics simulations, using detectability as a selection criterion--only those states that evolve into or affect other detectable states are kept in the simulation. This basis reduction procedure (referred to as destination state screening) is formally exact and can be applied on top of the existing state sp...

A photosystem II core complex was purified with high yield from spinach by solubilization with beta-dodecylmaltoside. The complex consisted of polypeptides with molecular mass 47, 43, 34, 31, 9 and 4 kDa and some minor components, as detected by silver-staining of polyacrylamide gels. There was no indication for the chlorophyll-a/b-binding, light-harvesting complex polypeptides. The core comple...

Chloroplasts, Compartmental Analysis, Indole-3-acetic Acid (LAA), Spinach Mesophyll Cells, Tryptophan Uptake Using [14C]tryptophan as a precursor, the intracellular localization o f indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis in spinach mesophyll cells was investigated. Chloroplasts as well as extraplastidic compartments were able to transform tryptophan into indole-3-acetic acid. The cofactor requiremen...

Nitrite reduction in either whole, isolated spinach chloroplasts (Spinacia oleracea L.) or in reconstituted spinach chloroplasts is stimulated by a short period of photosynthetic CO(2) fixation in the light prior to nitrite addition. With reconstituted chloroplasts, a similar stimulation can be obtained in nitrite reduction without CO(2) fixation by the addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate or...

Oxalic acid is widely distributed in plants. Although its concentration is not normally high, certain plants such as Oxalis sp., Begonia sp., rhubarb, and spinach contain large amounts of the acid. Cotyledons of spinach, for example, have been reported to contain up to 26% dry weight of oxalic acid (4). The only enzyme system previously reported to metabolize oxalate in plants is oxalate oxidas...