Single-unit studies in monkeys have demonstrated that neurons in the prefrontal cortex predict the reward type, reward amount or reward availability associated with a stimulus. To examine contributions of pyramidal cells and interneurons in reward processing, single-unit activity was extracellularly recorded in prefrontal cortices of four monkeys performing a reward prediction task. Based on th...

This paper presents an integrated CMOS compatible gas identification system for use with any type of metal-oxide gas sensor array. The logarithmic spike generation unit translates the output from any metal oxide gas sensor array into a spike pattern. The spike sequence matching circuit then compares this spike pattern with a reference set of data performing pattern recognition. The simulation r...

Backpropagating dendritic Na(+) spikes generate a depolarizing afterpotential (DAP) at the soma of pyramidal cells in the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) of weakly electric fish. Repetitive spike discharge is associated with a progressive depolarizing shift in somatic spike afterpotentials that eventually triggers a high-frequency spike doublet and subsequent burst afterhyperpolarization...

gladiolus (gladiolus grandiflorus l.), a popular bulbous cut flower, has high demand in both domestic (pakistani) as well as international markets. five potential, exotic cultivars of gladiolus, ‘cantate’, ‘corveira’, ‘eminence’, ‘essential’ and ‘fado’ were evaluated to determine the cultivar effects on yield and quality, to compare their relative performance and recommend their suitability for...

The cerebellum is essential in motor learning. At the cellular level, changes occur in both the simple spike and complex spike firing of Purkinje cells. Because simple spike discharge reflects the main output of the cerebellar cortex, changes in simple spike firing likely reflect the contribution of the cerebellum to the adapted behavior. Therefore, we investigated in Rhesus monkeys how the rep...

The ability to detect and sort overlapping spike waveforms in extracellular recordings is key to studies of neural coding at high spatial and temporal resolution. Most spike-sorting algorithms are based on initial spike detection (e.g. by a voltage threshold) and subsequent waveform classification. Much effort has been devoted to the clustering step, despite the fact that conservative spike det...

The interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and drought on leaf photosynthesis, physiology yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are not well understood. This study evaluated the persistent stress (35–45% field water capacity) CO2 (ambient concentration + 200 ?mol mol–1) chlorophyll fluorescence, physiological indices, biomass, grain weight (in g m?2) two cultivars (large-spike cultivar Z175 mult...