We have investigated the application of Shewhart's p control charts in our external quality-assurance program to monitor the long-term performance of our laboratory's analytical quality. The p control charts have been able to detect long-term changes in our laboratory's analytical performance that would have been difficult to detect by more-conventional techniques. We have explored methods for ...

Quantifying scientific uncertainty in estimating an appropriate catch level for a fish stock is challenging. Multiple sources of error can easily be identified, including measurement error that is conditioned on the adopted model, model specification error, forecast error, and uncertainty about overall stock productivity. In addition, there are without doubt other unknown factors that will nega...

Therefore, the monotonicity of hypotheses can be stated as a requirement because it follows from the specification of the domain knowledge. If a requirement cannot be derived from the domain knowledge it must be stated as an assumption. In our example, the requirement ∃ x (x ∈ observables) cannot be derived from the domain knowledge because it is concerned with the input. However, assuming an i...

The concept of signal (S) to noise (N) ratios has high visibility in design of experiment circles due to the work of Taguchi and his disciples. In this paper we will look into one of the signal to noise ratios and provide an answer to the question of “How large the ratio should be to call it a significant signal?” INTRODUCTION The first step of this paper will be to define terms that are used i...

Rural–urban linkages have long been recognized as a potential rural economic development strategy. This article tests the effects of rural–urban created through food manufacturing, tourism, and data processing centers on per capita income, employment, population between 2009 2016. Using unique spatial interaction variables, we empirically estimate Carlino–Mills conditional growth model for all ...