Aphids are serious pests of many crops in agroecosystems and their biological control is focused on enhancing the performance specialized natural enemies aphids such as parasitoid wasps predators like ladybirds. However, ladybirds often attacked by own parasitoids fourth trophic level that can negatively affect ladybird and, hence, effectiveness agents. The biology ecology these has been less w...

Trissolcus teretis has been recorded to parasitize eggs not only of Euschistus heros and Diceraeus melacanthus but also other stink bug species in the most important soybean producing countries South America such as Brazil, Argentina well Neotropical region. Despite several studies relating its natural incidence parasitism, impact different temperatures on biology parasitism capacity T. E. D. i...

We review empirical studies bearing on the effects of parasites on the age of maturity of their hosts. The few cases already published support theoretical predictions, namely a decrease of host prereproductive life-span unless parasites are benign. Host responses may be due either to phenotypic plasticity or to genetic differences, and even though very few studies on this topic have already bee...