OBJECTIVE To compare the estimated cost of treatment of spinal disorders to those of this treatment in a specialized center. METHODS An evaluation of average treatment costs of 399 patients referred by a Health Insurance Company for evaluation and treatment at the Spine Treatment Reference Center of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. All patients presented with an indication for surgical tre...

Persistent above average precipitation and runoff and associated increased sediment transfers from cultivated ecosystems to rivers and oceans are due to changes in climate and human action. The US Upper Midwest has experienced a 37% increase in precipitation (1958-2012), leading to increased crop damage from excess water and off-farm loss of soil and nutrients. Farmer adaptive management respon...

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease that usually affects women, with a male:female ratio of 1:4-10. It was thought that there was a prohibitive risk of fatal complications in the pregnancies of patients with SSc. It is now known that the majority of these women undergo a normal progression of pregnancy if the right time is chosen and a close obstetric care is delivered. The ...

Twenty-first century learners live in a highly visual world, being constantly surrounded by visual, technologized stimuli and the educational system, be it general or specialized—as case of higher education—needs to creatively meet answer these learning requirements. Among plethora new updated approaches, concept Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) designed Philip Yenawine Abigail Housen has gaine...

Chickens were among the first domesticates introduced by Europeans to North America, where they quickly became established. Morphometric analyses of chicken remains from sites in eastern Canada and Northeastern USA demonstrate that founding populations likely came several different types chicken. Comparison these data with English medieval post-medieval assemblages reveals continued selection f...