What is needed for an analysis of the existing approaches to qualitative spatial reasoning and for a deeper understanding of the domain of space is a unifying theory that explains all of the concepts used for the representation of the different aspects of space by some primitive but well understood relations. In order to provide such primitive relations it will be shown that the concepts used i...

geographic information and analysis provide a wide range of data and techniques to monitor and manage natural resources. as an important case, in arid and semi-arid areas, water management is critical for both local governance and citizens. as a result, the estimation of water potential brought by snowmelt runoff and rainfalls seems to be very useful and important for these areas. hydrological ...

Geographical (spatial) information about the real world changes rapidly with time. We can simply see examples of these changes when we look at any area. New buildings, new roads and highways, and many other new constructions are added or updated. Spatial changes can be categorized in two categories: (1) Discrete: changes of the geometries of physical entities (i.e., buildings) and (2) abstract:...

Abstract Spatiotemporal variation in fish assemblage structure was conducted from January to December 2015 in order to know the impacts of sanctuary on ichthyo-faunal diversity with its indices and major hydrological factors from six sampling stations of Karatoya fish sanctuary sectioned in the river Karatoya. A total of 69 fish species was obtained from this sanctuary including 21 threatened ...

Crop species diversity is a key component of agroecosystem resilience, food system stability, ecosystem services production, and sustainable development. Despite its importance, quantitative understanding crop often lacking. This study assesses changes in production Mexico from 1980 to 2020 at state, regional, national levels. Measures richness effective (alpha, beta, gamma) were derived govern...