A monolithic active-quenching and active-reset circuit is presented, designed for avalanche photodiodes that detect single-photons by operating above the breakdown voltage (VB) in a digital mode, known as SPAD's. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first fully-integrated circuit of this kind ever reported. It operates with any existing SPAD, also with very high VB, since the quenching pul...

Nondestructive proximal sensors can be an efficient source of information N status in crops for localized and rapid adjustment fertilization applications. The aim this study was to compare two transmittance/reflectance-based (SPAD, ASD) a florescence-based sensor (Multiplex) their ability measure content corn (Zea mays L.), spring winter barley (Hordeum vulgare rye (Secale cereale both at the l...

A scalable NMOS-only 11T SPAD-based analogue single photon counting pixel is presented. Implemented in advanced 130nm imaging low voltage CMOS, with no extra implants, a state of the art 9.8μm pitch is achieved. Novel pixel operation using a charge transfer amplifier (CTA) allows bias controlled sensitivity from 13.1mV/event to 150μV/event. Less than 2% PRNU is measured in the sensitivity range...

We report on a device capable of imaging second-order spatio-temporal correlations g(x, τ) between photons. The imager is based on a monolithic array of singlephoton avalanche diodes (SPADs) implemented in CMOS technology and a simple algorithm to treat multiphoton time-of-arrival distributions from different SPAD pairs. It is capable of 80 ps temporal resolution with fluxes as low as 10 photon...

Motivated by the need for correct characterization and operation of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), three methods for discriminating between singleand multi-photon triggering in a single CMOS SPAD are compared. The first method, utilizing a measurement of the avalanche’s quench time, correctly distinguishes between avalanches initiated by one photon or 100 incident photons with p > 0.80...

Heidelberg University, Germany We present single photon sensitive 2D camera chips containing 88x88 avalanche photo diodes which can be read out in full frame mode with up to 400.000 frames per second. The sensors have an imaging area of ~5mm x 5mm covered by square pixels of ~56μm × 56μm with a ~55% fill factor in the latest chip generation. The chips contain a self triggering logic with select...

Acala cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, var. Maxxa) was planted into a split-plot factorial design field trial on the Shafter Research and Extension Center, Shafter, CA. The two main treatments were optimum irrigation (Io) and stressed irrigation (Is) containing five levels of soil nitrogen availability (-100, -50, optimum, +50, and +100 lbs N/ac). The objective of this field trial was to determine i...

The desire to be more responsive the demands of citizens complicates relationship between Secretary State and Permanent has an impact on policy delivery capacity. This article considers four separate contributions effective in a context increasing increasingly variegated demands: those provided by State, Secretary, special political adviser (SpAd) chair departmental board. Drawing insights garn...

A field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2021-22 on sandy clay loam soils of Agricultural Research Station, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh to study the effect precision nitrogen management growth and yield rabi rice. The laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. consisting ten treatments viz., Control, FP, STBNF, RDN along 2 LCC based, NDVI based SPAD N critical levels (4,5), (...

Leaf Chlorophyll content (Ct) indicates plant physiological status and can be detected by hyperspectral measurements. However, it is difficult to conclude that different genotypes of same species have the same relationship with the hyperspectral data. The aim of this paper was to test that whether the different genotypes of same species have the similar relationship with hyperspectral reflectan...