The former Soviet Union (USSR) and the USA were the first countries to introduce standards limiting exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields. However, the exposure limits in the USSR standards were always much lower than those in the USA and other countries. The objective of this article is to provide a history of the development of the Soviet and Russian RF standards. In addition, we summarize t...

The paper considers some of the views of the Stalin–era relationship between Soviet industry and the Red Army that are current in the literature, and disentangles some confusions of translation. The economic weight of the defence sector in the economic system is summarised in various aspects. The lessons of recent archival research are used as a basis for analysing the army–industry relationshi...

As the Soviet Union was collapsing, an American research team visited Moscow to interview military leaders as part of a study for the U.S. Department of Defense Office of Net Assessment. One of the interview subjects was Marshal Sergei Akhromeev, Chief of the General Staff and Personal Advisor to Gorbachev, who provided insights into Soviet nuclear planningthis included clarification on issues ...

The Nobel Prize in literature for 1965 was awarded to Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–1984), for the epic novel about Cossack life and the birth of a new Soviet society (And Quiet Flows the Don, or The Quiet Don, in different translations). Sholokhov has been compared to Tolstoı̆ and was at least a generation ago called ‘the greatest of our writers’ in the Soviet Union. In Russia alone, his books have b...

Two experiments examined the construct of causal knowledge structure (CKS) in a social setting. The content, memorial properties, and judgmental consequences of subjects' CKSs regarding the defection of either Soviet citizens to the United States or American citizens to the Soviet Union were assessed through open-ended causal accounts (Experiment 1), intrusions in free recall, unsolicited attri...

Three important myths about Soviet nationality policy have been exploded since 1988. Most Soviet scholars and Western scholars admit that, contrary to Marxist-Leninist postulates, ethnic consciousness does not necessarily decline as society moves toward modernization or "socialism." In recent years in the U.S.S.R. ethnic consciousness has greatly expanded or surfaced. Second, the assertion that...