Ranking fuzzy numbers plays a very important role in decision making and some other fuzzy application systems. Many different methods have been proposed to deal with ranking fuzzy numbers. Constructing ranking indexes based on the centroid of fuzzy numbers is an important case. But some weaknesses are found in these indexes. The purpose of this paper is to give a new ranking index to rank vario...

Using a total-expenditure scope and adjusting for utilizations under a treatment concept for measuring health care costs slows down the rate of growth of medical prices; the downside is that most of the saving is seen in insurance benefit payments and not in out-of-pocket payments or lower insurance premiums for consumers Ralph Bradley is a research economist, Elaine M. Cárdenas is an economist...

in this article, the indexes of local historiography of khurāsān in the contemporary era are examined. these indexes are explained in three components of the historian, the subject, and the publication. the quantity statistics and quality analysis are used in order to explain the components. the compiled statistics are prepared by library and archive method and on the basis of the information a...

In the United States, the Federal Reserve has a dual mandate of promoting stable inflation and maximum employment. Since the Fed directly controls only one instrument—the federal funds rate—the authors argue that the Fed’s priorities continuously alternate between inflation and economic activity. In this paper, the authors assume that the effective weights put by the Fed on different indicators...

Official statistics measuring the cost of living are known to suffer from several biases. This paper shows that size biases can vary with economic conditions. Using homescan data, it is first confirmed official price indexes be tracked using such granular data sets. While often-acknowledged substitution bias shown relatively small, neglected preference adjustment and product entry/exit result i...

The spectrum of adiabatic density perturbation generated during inflation is studied in the case the time derivative of an inflation-driving scalar field (inflaton) vanishes at some time during inflation. It is shown that the nondecaying mode of perturbation has a finite value even in this case and that its amplitude is given by the standard formula with the time derivation of the scalar field ...

Very recent CMB data of WMAP offers an opportunity to test inflation models, in particular, the running of spectral index is quite new and can be used to rule out some models. We show that an noncommutative spacetime inflation model gives a good explanation of these new results. In fitting the data, we also obtain a relationship between the noncommutative parameter (string scale) and the ending...

Much research studies US inflation history with a trend-cycle model with unobserved components. A key feature of this model is that the trend may be viewed as the Fed’s evolving inflation target or long-horizon expected inflation. We provide a new way to measure the slowly evolving trend and the cycle (or inflation gap), based on forecasts from the Survey of Professional Forecasters. These fore...

The representatives at this conference from inflation targeting central banks—including Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, New Zealand, Korea, Thailand, and the United Kingdom—have provided us with a useful overview of how inflation targeting works in practice. These experiences will be very important as other countries, including Indonesia, consider inflation targeting. We have also had so...

We test the importance of multivariate information for modelling and forecasting inflation’s conditional mean and variance. In the literature, the existence of inflation’s conditional heteroskedasticity has been debated for years, as it seemed to appear only in some datasets and for some lag lengths. This phenomenon might be due to the fact that inflation depends on a linear combination of econ...