The mechanism responsible for somatic mutation in the variable genes of antibodies is unknown and may differ from previously described mechanisms that produce mutation in DNA. We have analyzed 421 somatic mutations from the rearranged immunoglobulin variable genes of mice to determine if the nucleotide substitutions differ from those generated during meiosis and if the presence of nearby direct...

BACKGROUND Comorbidities have been suggested influencing mammography use and breast cancer stage at diagnosis. We compared mammography use, and overall and advanced-stage breast cancer rates, among female Medicare beneficiaries with different levels of comorbidity. METHODS We used linked Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) and Medicare claims data from 1998 through 2006 to ascertain ...

The somatic mutation theory (SMT) of cancer has been and remains the prevalent theory attempting to explain how neoplasms arise and progress. This theory proposes that cancer is a clonal, cell-based disease, and implicitly assumes that quiescence is the default state of cells in multicellular organisms. The SMT has not been rigorously tested, and several lines of evidence raise questions that a...

BACKGROUND One in three people with a chronic somatic disease suffer from a comorbid mental disorder. Most common comorbidities are depressive, anxiety and adjustment disorders. These lead to an increase in morbidity and mortality, and a deterioration of quality of life and healthcare costs. Treatment of mental disorders is of great importance, but the waiting time for outpatient individual psy...

BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis patients are at higher risk of developing comorbidities. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of major comorbidities in Chinese rheumatoid arthritis patients. We also aimed to identify factors associated with these comorbidities. METHODS Baseline demographic, clinical characteristics and comorbidity data from RA patients enrolled in t...

objective: n present study effect of various factors including sucrose, agar, peg, agno3, activated charcoal on somatic embryo induction and its subsequent regeneration was investigated using varieties dom siah and nemat. methods: 330 explant (mature embryos) of each varieties were cultured, 33/plate (100 x 15 mm), on callus induction murashige and skoog (ms) medium (murashige and skoog 1962) s...

this study presents the first details on morphological and histological characteristics of gonads, gonadal development stages and reproductive index of the persian loach, oxynoemacheilus persa (heckel, 1847), an iranian endemic species. sampling was done from april 2010 to april 2011 using electrofishing device and a total of 196 individuals were collected. the gonads of specimens were removed,...

the aim of the present study was to estimate the genetic parameters and genetic trends of somatic cell score (scs) in the first 3 lactations of iranian holstein cows by random regression (rr) animal model by using restricted maximum likelihood (reml) method. the data set used in this analysis included observations of 340318 test-day records of 41526 cows in 288 herds; 89969 test-day of 11750 co...

the objective of the present study was to estimate genetic trends for lactation milk yield, persistency of milk yield, somatic cell count and interval between first and second calving in holstein dairy cows of iran. the dataset consisted of 210,625 test day and 25,883 first parity cows with milk yield recorded from july 2002 to september 2007 comprising 97 herds in iran. breeding values of anim...

indirect plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was standardized and evaluated for its effectivenessin immunodiagnosis of haemonchosis in experimental and clinical cases in sheep by using somatic wholeadult antigen of h. contortus. plate elisa was standardized using 5 μg/well antigen concentration with1:100 and 1:1000 of sera and conjugate dilution. indirect plate elisa was able to demonstrate...