Peritoneal solute transport increases with time on treatment in a proportion of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, contributing to ultrafiltration failure. Continuous exposure of the peritoneum to hypertonic glucose solutions results in morphologic damage that may have a causative role in changes in peritoneal function. The purpose of this analysis was to establish whether increased exposure to...

BACKGROUND/AIMS Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is commonly used for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. During treatment, a slow dialysate flow rate can be applied to enhance diffusive solute removal. However, due to the lack of the rationale of the dialysate flow configuration (countercurrent or concurrent to blood flow), in clinical practice, the connection settings...

Despite the success of reverse osmosis (RO) for water purification, the molecular-level physicochemical processes of contaminant rejection are not well understood. Here we carry out non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations on a model RO membrane to understand the mechanisms of transport and rejection of both ionic and inorganic contaminants in water. While it is commonly presumed t...

A generalized continuum framework for the theory of solute transport in fluids is proposed and systematically developed. This framework rests on the introduction of a generic force balance for the solute, a balance distinct from the macroscopic momentum balance associated with the mixture. Special forms of such a force balance have been proposed and used going back at least as far as Nernst’s 1...

An expression of unexpected simplicity is derived for the shift in optical transition energies of solute molecules in nonpolar solvents. The expression reveals a new spectroscopic rule that says: The higher the excited state of the solute, the larger the solvatochromic red shift. A puzzle formulated >50 years ago by Bayliss is solved. Bayliss, based on arguments from classical physics, assumed ...

Coastal Bermuda grass (CBG) has been shown to have potential as a biomass feedstock for sugar production. In this study, the effectiveness of ozone pretreatment for CBG to improve the sugar recovery via enzyme hydrolysis was investigated. Raw CBG and autohydrolysistreated CBG were pretreated with ozone at ozone consumption of 1.8 to 26.4 % (w/w) at room temperature. Lignin degradation and hemic...

We show that phase separation can occur in a one-component liquid outside its coexistence curve (CX) with addition of a small amount of a solute. The solute concentration at the transition decreases with increasing the difference of the solvation chemical potential between liquid and gas. As a typical bubble-forming solute, we consider O2 in ambient liquid water, which exhibits mild hydrophobic...

This chapter highlights the importance of the travel time distribution of solutes in aquifers, in order to evaluate the evolution of solutes at pumping wells. This evaluation is important when the solute is a contaminant and when measures are introduced in the groundwater catchment area in order to reduce the solute concentration at a pumping well. When flow and solute transport in the aquifer ...

Central in a variational implicit-solvent description of biomolecular solvation is an effective free-energy functional of the solute atomic positions and the solute-solvent interface (i.e., the dielectric boundary). The free-energy functional couples together the solute molecular mechanical interaction energy, the solute-solvent interfacial energy, the solute-solvent van der Waals interaction e...

Previous studies of hyporheic zone focused largely on the net mass transfer of solutes between stream and streambed. Solute transport processes within the bed has attracted less investigation. In this study, we combined flume experiments and numerical simulations to examine solute transport processes in a streambed with periodic bedforms. Solute originating from the stream was subjected to adve...