Solitary confinement is a frequently used penal tool in all fifty states against all types of offenders. However, since its development in the 1800s, solitary confinement has been found to have damaging psychological effects. Juvenile inmates in particular suffer the greatest psychological damage from solitary confinement because their brains are still in a developmental state. This has led man...

1. While the reasons for group-living have been studied for decades, little is known about why individuals become solitary. 2. Several previous experimental studies could demonstrate that group-living can arises as a consequence of ecological constraints. 3. It has been argued that reproductive competition between group members leads to significant costs of group-living, being a main reason of ...

Aggregative and solitary behaviors are universal phenomena in animals. Interestingly, locusts (Locusta migratoria) can reversibly transit their behavior between gregarious and solitary phase through conspecific attraction and repulsion. However, the regulatory mechanism of neurotransmitters underlying attraction and repulsion among locusts remains unknown. In this study, we found gregarious and...

Phaeocystis antarctica in the Ross Sea forms colonies, and blooms of colonial P. antarctica often occur over large areas in the southern Ross Sea. Sites where colonies occur often have significant vertical fluxes of carbon in the form of aggregated and flocculent material. P. antarctica also is a key component of the sulfur cycle; therefore, the species is critically important in many of the bi...

Solitary waves with large electric fields (up to 100’s of mV/m) have been observed throughout the magnetosphere and in the bow shock. We discuss observations by Polar at high altitudes (∼ 4–8RE), during crossings of the plasma sheet boundary and cusp, and new measurements by Polar at the equatorial magnetopause and by Cluster near the bow shock, in the cusp and at the plasma sheet boundary. We ...

The linear stability problem for solitary wave states of the Kawahara—or fifthorder KdV-type—equation and its generalizations is considered. A new formulation of the stability problem in terms of the symplectic Evans matrix is presented. The formulation is based on a multisymplectification of the Kawahara equation, and leads to a new characterization of the basic solitary wave, including change...

We present an elementary method to obtain the equations of the shallow-water solitary waves in different orders of approximation. The first two of these equations are solved to get the shapes and propagation velocities of the corresponding solitary waves. The first order equation is shown to be equivalent to the Korteweg−de Vries (KdV) equation, while the second order equation is solved numeric...

INTRODUCTION Plasmacytoma is an uncommon plasma cell neoplasm and its localized form is solitary plasmacytoma of the bone and solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mesentery is extremely rare, reported only in a handful of cases. CASE PRESENTATION A 47-year-old man with nonspecific abdominal complains was found to have an ill-defined mass on his mesenteric root. L...

A novel ultra-high compliance, low power, very accurate and high output impedance current output stage (COS) with extremely high output current drive capability is proposed in this paper. The principle of operation of this unique structure is discussed, its most important formulas are derived and its outstanding performance is verified by HSPICE simulation in TSMC 0.18µm CMOS, BSIM3, and Level4...