The position of Pakistan is compared with respect to other members of the 3rd world according to social and economic indicators of development. A total of 97 countries (32 from Asia and Pacific, 41 from Africa, and 24 from Latin America) are included in the definition of the 3rd world countries. 2 separate procedures are used in the analysis. The first relates to a ranking of the countries o...

Abstract. The present study was undertaken to evaluate differences between urban and rural Nepali populations in terms of hyperglycemia, socioeconomic position (SEP) and hypertension, through a community based survey in Sunsari District, eastern Nepal. Blood glucose levels were measured in participants (N = 2,006) S30 years old from urban and rural communities and were classified according to W...

OBJECTIVE To determine the role of obesity, adult behavioural risk factors, and markers of specific childhood exposures in the association between adult socioeconomic position and hypertension in a cohort of people aged 60 years and older. DESIGN Cross sectional study. SETTING Spain. PARTICIPANTS 4009 subjects representative of the Spanish non-institutionalised population aged 60 years an...

CONTEXT Previous studies may have underestimated the contribution of health behaviors to social inequalities in mortality because health behaviors were assessed only at the baseline of the study. OBJECTIVE To examine the role of health behaviors in the association between socioeconomic position and mortality and compare whether their contribution differs when assessed at only 1 point in time ...

As the incidence of type 2 diabetes rises in the developed world, researchers continue to work on characterizing modifiable risk factors that go beyond the traditional biomedical paradigm. The article by Maty et al. 1 examines the association between income, education, and occupation and the 34 year incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Alameda County Study. It also evaluates how time-dependent m...

BACKGROUND Violence is a major public health problem. Both clinical and population based studies shows that violence against men and women has physical and psychological health consequences. However, elsewhere and in Sweden little is known of the effect of individual socioeconomic position (SEP) on the relation between violence and health outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the eff...

BACKGROUND Sedentary behaviour is an emerging cardiometabolic risk factor in young people. Little is known about how socioeconomic position (SEP) and sedentary behaviour are associated in children and adolescents. This study examines associations between SEP and sedentary behaviour in school-age children and adolescents. METHODS The core sample comprised 3822 Health Survey for England 2008 pa...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To assess the association between lifetime socioeconomic position and onset of perimenopause. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Boston, Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS 603 premenopausal women aged 36-45 years at baseline who completed a cross sectional survey on childhood and adult socioeconomic position. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time to perimenopause, defined as time in...

BACKGROUND Current understanding of tuberculosis (TB) genotype clustering in the US is based on individual risk factors. This study sought to identify whether area-based socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with genotypic clustering among culture-confirmed TB cases. METHODS A retrospective cohort analysis was performed on data collected on persons with incident TB in King County, Washing...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between markers of socioeconomic position (years of full time education, access to a car or van, and occupational social class) and mid-range sleep quantity (6.5 to 8.5 hours). DATA SOURCE Office of National Statistics Omnibus Survey, May 1999. PARTICIPANTS 3000 households were randomly selected from the UK postcode address file and one person ...