Critics of the civil jury have proposed several procedural reforms to address the concern that damage awards are capricious and unpredictable. One such reform is the bifurcation or separation of various phases of a trial that involves multiple claims for damages. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of bifurcating the compensatory and punitive damages phases of a civil tort trial...

We investigate tropical cyclone wind and storm surge damage reduction for five areas along the Miami-Dade County coastline either by hardening buildings or by the hypothetical application of wind-wave pumps to modify storms. We calculate surge height and wind speed as functions of return period and sea surface temperature reduction by wind-wave pumps. We then estimate costs and economic losses ...

Plastic pollution is a major problem: it damages health, reduces ecosystem services, and affects local economies. Despite its importance, available valuation efforts have focused primarily on the caused by plastic in marine environments. Far less known about effects of waste inland settings. This paper addresses this gap estimating monetary terms inappropriate disposal an context. The study are...

Abstract During the development of natural resource deposits, significant industrial impacts result in technogenesis, i.e. formation technogenic terrains and habitats, as well land transformation. These from adverse mining industry on environment lead to disturbed, degraded, polluted lands. The Ural Federal District features a prominent industry. underground open-cut facilities involves damages...