In a coordinated four level attack on risk, integration of analytical procedures (i.e. Lean Optimization, PM Analysis, and Optimal Reliability) can be achieved by conducting each one against the backdrop of IONICS, a 6-step methodology facilitating matrix management and defined by: Identify risks, Order by importance, Numerate options, Introduce solutions, Control processes and Synthesize new i...

Each year, the United States conducts approximately 20,000 inspections of manufacturing plants under the Clean Air Act. This paper compiles a panel dataset on plant-level inspections, fines, and emissions to understand whether these inspections actually reduce air emissions. We find plants reduce air emissions by fifteen percent, on average, following an inspection under the Clean Air Act. Plan...

We address one aspect of the treatment of technical change in the environmental economics literature: how technical change impacts the marginal cost of abatement. We review a selection of papers that employ a variety of representations of technical change, and show that these representations have quite different, and sometimes surprising, effects on the marginal costs of pollution reductions. W...

The non-linear chemistry, responsible for ozone formation poses problems in developing an optimized abatement strategy. Estimates of emissions are often quite uncertain, e.g. in estimates of biogenic emissions and car emissions. Effective abatement should be based on a careful evaluation of local conditions regarding oxidant formation. Some control strategies are effective in one place, but not...

objectives: this study aimed to investigate the effect of water-pipe (wp) smoking on hematological parameters of wistar rats. methods: thirty-five young male rats (200-250 g) were randomly assigned to five groups (n=7). the control group was exposed to room air and the experimental groups were exposed to wp smoking, using a special apparatus designed to have the ability to keep the rats for 40 ...

background prematurity is an issue related to increasing the neonatal morbidity and mortality and smoking pregnant women cause the risk of low birth weight and prematurity increase, compared to non-smoking ones. results of all 205 women, 43 (20.97%) women exposed to shs during pregnancy and 162 (79.02%) women did not. in shs exposure group, 11 infant (25.6%) and in non- shs exposure group, 17 i...