background: spinal muscular atrophy (sma) is the second most common lethal autosomal recessive disease. it is a neuromuscular disorder caused by degenerative of lower motor neurons and occasionally bulbar neurons leading to progressive limb paralysis and muscular atrophy. the smn1 gene is recognized as a sma causing gene while naip has been characterized as a modifying factor for the clinical s...

spinal muscular atrophy (sma) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by degeneration of spinal cord anterior horn cells, leading to muscular atrophy. sma is clinically classified into three sub-groups based on the age of onset and severity. the majority of patients with sma have homozygous deletions of exons 7 and 8 of the survival motor neuron (smn) gene. the purpose of ...

 Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the second most common lethal autosomal recessive disease. It is a neuromuscular disorder caused by degenerative of lower motor neurons and occasionally bulbar neurons leading to progressive limb paralysis and muscular atrophy. The SMN1 gene is recognized as a SMA causing gene while NAIP has been characterized as a modifying factor for the clinical ...

Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators typically exhibit limited response speed owing to the long duration required for cool down and return its natural shape compliance after electrical thermal actuation. Herein, a generic design principle harnessing mechanical instability of bistable mechanism improve properties output force SMA is proposed. The actuator presented herein constructed by combining ...

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder which affect nervous system and is characterized with progressive distal motor neuron weakness. The survival motor neuron (SMN) protein level reduces in patients with SMA. Two different genes code survival motor neuron protein in human genome. Skeletal and intercostal muscles denervation lead to weakness, hypotony, hyporeflexia, respiratory fa...

Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) based shape memory alloy (SMA) wires are already often used in industrial actuator applications. Their high energy density allows to build light-weight systems with forces using small installation spaces. Combined the biocompatibility of NiTi, a huge field applications can be covered by SMA actuated systems. In like emergency brakes or switch disconnectors, which require ...

Light-driven shape memory alloy (SMA)-based microscale actuators show great promise for artificial muscle and biomedical applications, as they are actuated remotely have a fast response speed. However, ultraviolet (UV) light is required device actuation; thus, the operating environment has been limited. Here, an infrared (IR) light-driven SMA actuator proposed, in which plasmonic effect used to...

spinal muscular atrophy (sma) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by homozygous deletion of the survival motor neuron gene 1 (smn1) in more than 90% of patients. according to the age of onset and severity of the disease, sma is classified into three groups: type i (severe), type ii (intermediate) and type iii (mild). as reported, the smn2 gene, centromeric copy gene, showed ...

Matching the rich multimodality of natural organisms, i.e., ability to transition between crawling and swimming, walking jumping, etc., represents a grand challenge in fields soft bio-inspired robotics. Here, multimodal robot locomotion using highly compact dynamic bistable actuators is achieved. These are composed prestretched membrane sandwiched two 3D printed frames with embedded shape memor...