The stronghold at Pasym is located on an extensive peninsula surrounded by the waters of Lake Kalwa in southern part Olsztyn Lakeland. During recent investigations stronghold, archaeologists discovered relics residential buildings andevidence a complex system fortifications, which main issue discussed this article. stronghold’s defencescovered 36-metre-long stretch and included rampart, cobbled...

The present study tests the hypothesis that deviations from “affective bipolarity” in the relationship between the positive and negative dimensions of whites’ stereotypes of blacks—such as racial ambivalence—should be stronger among conservatives. Across two different data sets (the 2000 National Election Study and the 1991 National Race and Politics Study) and three different methodologies (he...

The origins of racial residential segregation in US cities have been a central concern to scholars examining the relationship between race, racism and urban development. Conventional accounts focus on the advent of industrialization, the ‘Great Migration’ of southern blacks to northern cities after the first world war, and white prejudice and racial discrimination in creating racially segregate...

Like the nation as a whole, organized medicine in the United States carries a legacy of racial bias and segregation that should be understood and acknowledged. For more than 100 years, many state and local medical societies openly discriminated against black physicians, barring them from membership and from professional support and advancement. The American Medical Association was early and per...

The relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences to the US black-white disparity in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is hotly debated within the public health, anthropology, and medical communities. In this article, we review evidence for developmental and epigenetic pathways linking early life environments with CVD, and critically evaluate their possible role in the origins of the...