The aim of this study was to improve the transdermal permeation of Diclofenac sodium, a poorly water-soluble drug, employing conventional liposomes, ethosomes, and transfersomes. The prepared formulations had been characterized for the loaded drug amount and vesicle size. The prepared vesicular systems were incorporated into 1% Carbopol 914 gel, and a survey of in vitro drug release and drug re...

A transdermal dosage form of trazodone hydrochloride (TZN) may be useful in the treatment of moderate to severe depression in schizophrenic patients by providing prolonged duration of action. It will also improve patient compliance and bioavailability. Controlled input of TZN would attenuate fluctuating plasma level of TZN resulting from oral therapy. The aim of the current investigation was to...

Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is a heat extraction process that protects the epidermis from thermal damage during dermatologic laser surgery. The objective of the present work is to investigate radial and temporal variations in the heat transferred through the surface of a skin phantom during CSC. A fast-response thermal sensor is used to measure surface temperatures every 1 mm across a 16 mm dia...

The effect of ultrasound on caffeine transport through rabbitâ€TMs skin from four different gel matrices respectively made fromHPMC, methylcellulose, gelatin or carbopol 940 has been evaluated. The drug transport without ultrasound application was not detectable during the time course of the study. Ultrasound application has showed an increase drug transport (in terms of percent of drug transpo...

BACKGROUND Skin hyperpigmentation in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients has been attributed to the accumulation of middle-molecular-weight (MMW) substances. Although an MMW mechanism suggests that hyperpigmentation may be improved by high-flux haemodialysis (HF-HD) and haemodiafiltration (HDF), this possibility has not been explored. In the present study, we investigated the impact of diff...

PURPOSE The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of different vehicles on drug permeability and microstructure of intercellular or lipids in SC layer of skin. METHODS Pre-treated skin of rat using some vehicles including Labarac PG ,Transcutol P, tween 80, span 80 and propylene glycol (PG), were mounted on specialized design franz-diffusion cell was used to a...

A recent study reported the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) fragment VIP(10-28) inhibited the rise in skin blood flow during heat stress. Our laboratory has reported that the nitric oxide (NO) pathway and histamine receptor-1 (H1)-receptor activation is common to both exogenous VIP-mediated dilation and active vasodilation (AVD). The present study aimed to further examine the specific role ...

1. Filamentous algae are widespread in freshwater ecosystems worldwide with a significant presence in streams, rivers and lakes with sufficient light and nutrients. Although typically not a preferred food source for grazers, dense filamentous mats provide surfaces for epiphytic microorganisms that are more palatable, thus adding to stream productivity. 2. We tested the hypothesis that epiphytes...

Primary human aging may be associated with augmented Rho kinase (ROCK)-mediated contraction of vascular smooth muscle and ROCK-mediated inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). We hypothesized that the contribution of ROCK to reflex vasoconstriction (VC) is greater in aged skin. Cutaneous VC was elicited by 1) whole body cooling [mean skin temperature (T(sk)) = 30.5 degrees C] and 2) local no...

      Lisinopril dihydrate (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) is a lysine derivative of enalaprilat and does not require hydrolysis to exert pharmacological activity. It has an extensive hepatic first pass metabolism resulting in a bioavailabil-ity of 6-60%. To overcome the poor bioavailability of the drug, transdermal patches have been prepared. The present study also aims at optimizati...