I n this paper, I examine the systemic effects of campaign spending, looking at outcomes at the level of the legislature rather than the individual seat. Using a difference-in-differences design, I show that state-level corporate campaign contribution bans have a large effect on electoral outcomes at the legislature level. A 1 percentage-point increase in the Democratic (or Republican) party’s ...

Does More Generous Student Aid Increase Enrolment Rates into Higher Education? Evaluating the German Student Aid Reform of 2001 Students from low-income families are eligible to student aid under the federal students’ financial assistance scheme (BAfoeG) in Germany. We evaluate the effectiveness of a recent reform of student aid that substantially increased the amount received by eligible stude...

This study investigates a relationship between free access to research articles and the diffusion of their ideas as measured by citation counts. By using a dataset from the Social Science Research Network (SSRN), an open repository of research articles, and employing a natural experiment that allows the effect of free access separate from other confounding factors, this study identifies the cau...

Policy-makers and analysts are often concerned with the effect of tariff reductions, as part of trade liberalisation, on the volume of imports, and in particular adverse effects on domestic import-competing sectors. While there is limited evidence at an aggregate country level that imports increase following trade liberalisation, there is very little empirical evidence at a sector level. In the...

Driving a car is important to maintain independence and participate in society. Many of those who use psychoactive medication are outpatients and are thus likely to drive a vehicle. Most common adverse effects that impair driving are reduced alertness, affected psychomotor functioning and impaired vision. This review discusses the effects on driving ability of most commonly prescribed psychoact...

the role of manure and urea on yield and some fruit characteristics of strawberry cv. kurdistan were studied during 2002-2004 growing season. the experiment was a factorial one based on a randomized complete block design including four levels of urea(0, 50, 100, 150 kg/ha) and three levels of manure (0, 20, 40 t/ha) in three replications. the results showed that application of manure along with...

abstract in order to investigation the effect of different levels of onion powdr (allium cepa) on growth performance, survival, fillet composition and hematological parameters of  rainbow trout, a completly randomize design with six treatments and three replicates (15 fish in each replicate) were conducted for eight weeks. experimental dietary included 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5% onion powder. all t...