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oral contraceptive pills have several side effects especially on the gastrointestinal tract and liver. absorption of low dose (ld) pills by the vaginal route avoids the first pass of the steroids through these tracts and probably has fewer side effects. this study was a cohort study for evaluation of side effects and acceptability of ld pills administered by the vaginal route. in a clinical tri...

esfarzeh is a name used for two species of plantago genus, belonging to plantaginaceae family. in the iranian traditional medicine (itm) texts, esfarzeh is called bazreghatuna, and have different therapeutic effects including treatment of hoarseness of chest, pharynx, and tongue warm palpitation constipation caused by bile abdominal cramps gastric and intestinal ulcers arthralgia solid edema an...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is a chronic auto-immune disease. most therapeutic strategies for treatment of this disease direct immune modulation and control of inflammatory processes. first-line therapeutic agents showed moderate efficacy and frequent side-effects with moderate efficacy in trials. their parental administration and limited long-term adherence restrict their efficacy compared with se...

previous, intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) has been used for treatment of patients with immunodeficiency. however, recent studies have shown that ivig is a suitable approach for treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. although the exact mechanism of ivig action is not well known, recent findings have demonstrated that ivig impacts on expression and function of fc receptors of immuno...

pain in icu patients should be managed effectively and safely. fentanyl and paracetamol are used frequently in icu. however experience using iv paracetamol in the setting of critically ill patients is limited. we evaluated the analgesic effect and adverse reactions of intravenous paracetamol compared to fentanyl in icu patients with mild to moderate pain. forty patients in a general icu were ra...

background: small side branches, albeit less important than their larger counterparts, have not yet received due attention in the literature. nor has there ever been a comparison between drug-eluting stents and bare metal stents apropos side branch occlusion . the aim of this study was to compare the patency of small (≥0.5 and ≤1.5 mm in diameter) side branches with respect to bare metal vs. dr...

objective: this study sought to explore university of ghana business school diploma student's knowledge of contraceptives, types of contraceptives, attitudes towards contraceptive users, preference for contraceptives, benefits, and side-effects of contraceptives. materials and methods: data was conducted with three sets of focus group discussions. participants were systematically sampled from a...