BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke exposure is strongly associated with airway hyperreactivity (AHR) which is the main characteristic seen in asthma. The intracellular MAPK signaling pathways are suggested to be associated with the airway damage to the AHR. In the present study, we hypothesize that secondhand cigarette smoke (SHS) exposure upregulates the bronchial contractile receptors via activation ...

BACKGROUND Despite existing legislation, a large proportion of the European Union (EU) population is exposed to occupational secondhand smoke (SHS). The aim of this study was to explore associations between occupational exposure to SHS and self-reported life satisfaction. METHODS We analysed data collected through the Eurobarometer survey (wave 82.4) from n = 11,788 individuals working in ind...

Few studies have examined home exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in China. This study aimed to document: (1) the prevalence and correlates of exposure to SHS in homes (in adult non-smokers) in Shanghai, and (2) enforcement of rules, harm reduction behaviors, and self-efficacy for maintaining smoke-free homes in Shanghai. A total of 500 participants were recruited using a multistage proportiona...

INTRODUCTION Secondhand smoke (SHS) from burning tobacco products causes disease and premature death among nonsmokers. Although the number of laws prohibiting smoking in indoor public places continues to increase, millions of nonsmokers in the United States (US) and its territories remain exposed to SHS. This study assessed indoor air pollution from SHS in hospitality venues in three US Pacific...

Spherical harmonic synthesis (SHS) of gravity field functionals at the Earth’s surface requires the use of heights. The present study investigates the gradient approach as an efficient yet accurate strategy to incorporate height information in SHS at densely-spaced multiple points. Taylor series expansions of commonly used functionals quasigeoid heights, gravity disturbances and vertical deflec...

This study investigates secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and management in the context of smoking location restrictions, for nonsmokers, former, and current smokers. A purposive sample of 47 low income and non-low-income men and women of varied smoking statuses was recruited to participate in a telephone interview or a focus group. Amidst general approval of increased restrictions there were gen...

BACKGROUND The impact of secondhand smoke (SHS) on Southeast Asian children's health has been assessed by a limited number of studies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether in Thailand, pre- and postnatal exposure to SHS is associated with acute lower respiratory conditions in young children. METHODS We conducted a case control study of 462 children under age five admitted with a...

Shown ®rst is the equivalence between the multiple expansion (ME) of the brain electrical generator and the spherical harmonic spectra (SHS) of the potential generated by the electrical generator in an in®nite volume conductor. Based on the equivalence, the SHS and the spatial ®lters which connect the SHS with the ME are deduced, in a concentric 3 sphere conductor and for the 5 EEG source mappi...

Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) can be used to synthesize inorganic materials that in some cases cannot be prepared by conventional methods. SHS is an exothermic process whereby a green mixture is ignited by point source initiation—usually by a flame or heated wire. A hot synthesis wave moves through the material converting reactants to products. The most promising means for c...

Introduction: Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure causes disease and death among nonsmokers. With a plethora of smokefree legislation implemented and a steady decrease in cigarette consumption noted over the past decade in the U.S., this study assessed trends in indoor SHS exposure among U.S. adolescents in grades 6–12 during 2000–2009. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2000–2009 National Youth ...