heavy metals found in urban air with its toxic effects have a direct impact on human health. selection of appropriate tree species and shrub refining capacity of heavy metals in urban areas can greatly reduce the toxic effects of these materials. this study aimed to identify the most suitable tree and shrub species of broadleaf evergreen, deciduous and coniferous refinement of heavy metals lead...

fire, as a natural ecological disturbance factor in forest, this study located in the marivan region, northern zagros forest, and western iranian state of kurdistan. in each burned and unburned area 30 circle sample plot (1000 m2) were collected by randomized–systematic method in the 100×200 m net (in total 60 plots). in every sample plot the kind of species, number of tree, the height of coppi...

Acacia constricta, "WHITETHORN ACACIA" Drought tolerant, deciduous, Southwest native small tree or large shrub w/ spiny branches & tiny, feathery leaves; flowers are fragrant, yellow bottlebrushes produced summer. [7] (H*W*S*) Acacia greggii, "CATCLAW ACACIA" Drought tolerant, deciduous small tree/large shrub w/ spiny branches & tiny, ferny leaves; flowers are fragrant, creamy yellow bottle-bru...

Our study objectives were to model the aboveground biomass in a xeric shrub-steppe landscape with airborne light detection and ranging (Lidar) and explore the uncertainty associated with the models we created. We incorporated vegetation vertical structure information obtained from Lidar with ground-measured biomass data, allowing us to scale shrub biomass from small field sites (1 m subplots an...

Desertification is often characterized by the replacement of mesophytic grasses with xerophytic shrubs. Livestock grazing is considered a key driver of shrub encroachment, although most evidence is anecdotal or confounded by other factors. Mapping of velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina) shrubs in and out of exclosures in 1932, 1948, and 2006 in semiarid grasslands of southeastern Arizona, USA, a...

The Sahel of West Africa has vulnerable agroecosystems that threatens food security. A potential solution is intercropping with the indigenous shrub, Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel. Previous research Optimized Shrub-intercropping System (OSS) (high density ∼1,500 shrubs ha-1 and coppiced residue incorporation) been shown to dramatically improve pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] yield...

Rangelands throughout the world contain varying but often substantial proportions of shrubs. Shrubs are generally heavily chemically defended, and herbivores must either contend with their plant secondary metabolites (PSM) or avoid a significant component of the available forage. Browsing ruminants are exposed to thousands of chemicals in infinite combinations and concentrations that are consta...

Pollination by insects in forests is an extremely important process that should be conserved. Not only do pollinating insects help to maintain a diversity of plants within forests, but they also aid in pollinating crops found near forested land. Currently, the effects of various forest management practices on floral visiting insect abundance or diversity is unknown, so we investigated how presc...