As a widely used block cipher, AES has been the target of many attacks, including side-channel attacks. Masking is a countermeasure to mitigate side-channel attacks by hiding the intermediate values used in cryptographic algorithms with random values. However, the masking scheme, especially high-order masking, has large overhead. In this paper we study efficient implementations of the higher-or...

When our two eyes view incompatible images, the brain invokes suppressive processes to inhibit one image, and favor the other. Two phenomena are typically observed: dichoptic masking (reduced sensitivity to one image) for brief presentations, and binocular rivalry (alternation between the two images), over longer exposures. However, it is not clear if these two phenomena arise from a common sup...

Temporal, spectral, and combined temporal-spectral resolution of hearing was assessed by recording masked hearing thresholds. The masker was an octave band noise. Spectral resolution was assessed by introducing a spectral gap of half an octave bandwidth in the masker. A 50-msec gap assessed temporal resolution. The spectral and temporal gaps were used separately or simultaneously. Normal-hearin...

Designers of masking schemes are usually torn between the contradicting goals of maximizing the security gains while minimizing the performance overheads. Boolean masking is one extreme example of this tradeoff: its algebraic structure is as simple as can be (and so are its implementations), but it typically suffers more from implementation weaknesses. For example knowing one bit of each share ...

Many audio applications perform perception-based time-frequency (TF) analysis by decomposing sounds into a set of functions with good TF localization (i.e. with a small essential support in the TF domain) using TF transforms and applying psychoacoustic models of auditory masking to the transform coefficients. To accurately predict masking interactions between coefficients, the TF properties of ...

CONTEXT Visual masking procedures assess the earliest stages of visual processing. Patients with schizophrenia reliably show deficits on visual masking, and these procedures have been used to explore vulnerability to schizophrenia, probe underlying neural circuits, and help explain functional outcome. OBJECTIVE To identify and compare regional brain activity associated with one form of visual...

The improved next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) QCD analysis of the experimental data of the CCFR collaboration for the xF 3 structure function is made. Theoretical ambiguities of the NNLO ts are estimated by means of the Pad e resummation technique. The NNLO and the new N 3 LO s (Q 2) MS-matching conditions are used. In the process of the ts we are taking into account the the twist-4 1=Q 2-t...

A series of experiments explored the temporal course of the perceived duration of an auditory stimulus. A backward recognition masking paradigm was utilized, in which the subject was to determine which of two target durations was presented on a given trial. The target tone was followed, after a variable silent intertone interval, by a masking tone which could assume one of three possible durati...

Findings from diverse subfields of vision research suggest a potential link between high-level aspects of face perception and concentric form-from-structure perception. To explore this relationship, typical adults performed two adaptation experiments and two masking experiments to test whether concentric, but not nonconcentric, Glass patterns (a type of form-from-structure stimulus) utilize a p...

Thresholds were measured for detecting a brief 6-kHz sinusoidal signal preceded by a broadband noise masker (forward masking), followed by the masker (backward masking), or both preceded by and followed by the masker (combined masking). The masker-signal interval was systematically varied. Consistent with the literature, thresholds in the combined-masking condition were higher than would be pre...