Coffee farms are often embedded within a mosaic of agriculture and forest fragments in the world's most biologically diverse tropical regions. Although shade coffee farms can potentially support native pollinator communities, the degree to which these pollinators facilitate gene flow for native trees is unknown. We examined the role of native bees as vectors of gene flow for a reproductively sp...

Visuelle und elektronische Farbbestimmung im Rahmen der Farbangleichung [1] Berns RS: Billmeyer and Saltzmans principles of color technology. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley (2000). coverage esthetic score after treatment of gingival recession: an interrater agreement multicenter study. AJ: Estimating costs for shade matching and shade corrections of fixed partial dentures for dental technicians in Ger...

effects of different mulches and saran shading on yield and quality of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum cv. early urbana vf) were studied at ilam university, ilam, iran in 2009. the research work was carried out using a 4×4 split plot experimental arrangment through a completely randomized block design (crbd) of three replications, where shading levels of 0%: no shading; 40%: white; 55%: double-...

The spectral shade ratios defined as the ratios of the spectral irradiances on horizontal and sun normal planes in the tree shade to those on a horizontal plane in sunlight were calculated. These planes were in the shade of an isolated medium canopy density tree and a sparse canopy density tree at the tree shade sites of the centre, edge and trunk. The sun normal plane was employed as there are...

In this paper we revisit the classic theory of forest succession that relates shade tolerance and species replacement and assess its validity to understand patch-mosaic patterns of forested ecosystems of the USA. We introduce a macroscopic parameter called the "shade tolerance index" and compare it to the classic continuum index in southern Wisconsin forests. We exemplify shade tolerance driven...

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the intra-device repeatability and accuracy of dental shade-matching device (VITA Easyshade® Advance 4.0) using both in vitro and in vivo models. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the repeatability assessment, the in vivo model utilized shade-matching device to measure the central region of the labial surface of right maxillary central incisors o...

The impact of shade on the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) energy consumption in buildings is not automatically included in whole building energy simulations. Using transient system simulation (TRNSYS) software, models of the Union County Housing Authority’s energy efficient duplex enable the calculation of a monetary value for shading from trees, adjacent buildings, or shade ...

The fraction and the distribution of the personal daily solar erythemal UV exposure were assessed for the shade provided by Australian gum trees in each of the four seasons to allow evaluation of the reduction in the personal UV exposure in tree shade over a year. The personal annual erythemal UV exposures in the tree shade ranged from 2,510 SED (Standard Erythema Dose) for the vertical part of...