The pneumococcus is a leading global pathogen and a key virulence factor possessed by the majority of pneumococci is an antigenic polysaccharide capsule ('serotype'), which is encoded by the capsular (cps) locus. Approximately 100 different serotypes are known, but the extent of sequence diversity within the cps loci of individual serotypes is not well understood. Investigating serotype-specifi...

More than 90 capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae coexist despite competing for nasopharyngeal carriage and a gradient in fitness. The underlying mechanisms for this are poorly understood and make assessment of the likely population impact of vaccination challenging. We use an individual-based simulation model to generalize widely used deterministic models for pneumococcal competition...

A cps-based multiplex PCR for typing of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 2 and 5 was developed. This method should be specific and practical in Japan where more than 88% of isolates are serotypes 1, 2 or 5.

To the Editor—Pneumococcus is a venerable microorganism with an amazingly rich history. Those of us who study this organism should constantly examine our present findings in light of the wealth of previous literature. I am concerned when investigators draw conclusions from their own excellent but potentially limited data without referring to or noting discrepancies with that earlier body of kno...

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of brucellosis, leptospirosis, and chlamydiosis in offspring free-living sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ) Mexican Gulf California. The work was carried out across six islands where reproduction takes place. Sixty-one blood samples were collected from seemingly healthy eight weeks old. For diagnosis, serum obtained by venae cavae puncture. ...

Objectives As efforts to control COVID-19 continue, we simulate hypothetical emergence of wild poliovirus assuming an immunologically naïve population. This differs from the current global experience with polio and serves as a model for responding future pandemics.Methods Applying established model, assume fully susceptible population polioviruses, independently introduce virus properties each ...

Background and Aims: Accurate and rapid diagnosis is necessary for effective control and prevention of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). In present study, was evaluated real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay along with diagnostic routine methods for the detection of all seven serotypes of FMD virus (FMDV), namely O, C, A, SAT1, 2, 3 and Asia 1 in biological sample...

The effects of antibiotic, probiotic, and prebiotic as dietary feed additives on carcass composition as well as Salmonella counts and its serotypes in droppings and intestine of broiler chickens on days 1, 28, and 56 of experiment were investigated. Dietary treatments were control diet (basal diet without additives), OXYT diet (basal diet with 600 ppm of the antibiotic oxytetracycline), GRO-UP ...