background: timely diagnosis of leptospirosis is essential for early and effective treatment, for there are many differential diagnoses for it.. leptospiral researchers have an increasing interest in developing new serological methods with recombinant antigens to improve the leptospirosis diagnosis. several serological tests have been developed for the proper diagnosis of leptospirosis. objecti...

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) cause serious central nervous system (CNS) diseases that are diagnosed with PCR using samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and, during later stages of such infections, with assays of intrathecal IgG antibody production. However, serological diagnoses have been hampered by cross-reactions between HSV-1 and VZV IgG antibodies and are...

Despite the success of multidrug therapy in reducing the number of registered leprosy cases worldwide, evidence suggests that Mycobacterium leprae continues to be transmitted. A serological diagnostic test capable of identifying and allowing treatment of early-stage disease could reduce transmission and prevent the onset of the disability, a common complication of the disease in later stages. S...

Diagnostic tests for active tuberculosis (TB) based on the detection of antibodies (serological tests) have been commercially available for decades, although no international guidelines have recommended their use. An estimated 1.5 million serological TB tests, mainly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, are performed in India alone every year, mostly in the private sector. The cost of serologica...

In a vast area of South America, paracoccidioidomycosis is the fourth most common systemic fungal infection among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Opportunistic infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is generally disseminated among patients with a low CD4 cell count, involving the lungs, tegument, lymph nodes, monocyte-macrophage ...

Important immune-mediated liver illnesses include autoimmunity hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cirrhosis. Typically, they are distinguished based on histological, biochemical, serological, clinical parameters. Diagnostic criteria for many conditions typically met by patients with autoimmune disease. The diagnosis of AIH/primary sclerosing cholangitis overlap is a mix biochemistry, autoantib...

A case of primary cerebral alveolar echinococcosis with a favorable outcome is reported. A universal fungal PCR enabled this diagnosis, while the initial serological analysis remained noncontributive.