this paper examines the lewis theory of structural change in iran in the period 1974-2005. where labor productivity growth and the intensive use of labor occurs via reallocation of labor between sectors or spillovers in the production from the manufacturing or service sectors to agriculture resulting to convergence. assessing whether productivity gap is reducing or increasing, takes us to the n...

Latecomer sectors in late-industrializing economies follow different patterns in their development and growth processes, which largely determine the share acquired from the global value chain. The development and growth process of the sectors are generally argued to be the result of the interaction of a macro-level specific institutional context (e.g., system of intellectual property rights, la...

Development agencies are in a period of major refocusing. On the one hand, the information and communications technology revolution, globalisation and the rise of knowledge economies lead them to develop new knowledge management systems. On the other, commitments to partnership, greater inter-agency coordination and the emphasis on sectoral and cross-sectoral planning fundamentally reorient the...

IT is the general opinion that, in eyes suffering from closed-angle glaucoma, goniosynechiae are not uncommon, especially if such eyes have had an acute or sub-acute attack of hypertension. The present investigation has been undertaken to ascertain whether these goniosynechiae are distributed at random round the angle or, as clinical impression suggests, tend to occur more in the upper than the...

In the past, the energy planners through setting the desired level of economic growth simply used this figure as a base to which additional increases were made, dependent on changing population and supply conditions. Planning proceeded from the national, macroeconomic position, to the aggregate, sectoral and finally project levels. Such process was a virtual oneway linkage from economic growth ...

This paper presents a system for the automatic generation of Galois-field (GF) arithmetic circuits, named the GF Arithmetic Module Generator (GF-AMG). The proposed system employs a graph-based circuit description called the GF Arithmetic Circuit Graph (GF-ACG). First, we present an extension of the GF-ACG to handle GF(pm) (p ≥ 3) arithmetic circuits, which can be efficiently implemented by mult...

Multiplication is the dominant operation for many applications implemented on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Although most current FPGA families have embedded hard multipliers, soft multipliers using lookup tables (LUTs) in the logic fabric remain important. This paper presents a novel two-operand addition circuit (patent pending) that combines radix-4 partial-product generation with a...

The aim of this study is to analyse differences and similarities in industrial relations systems in nine sectors across the European member states to identify the prospects of the European Sectoral Social Dialogue (ESSD). Industrial relations in Europe are characterised by increasing diversity within national systems and by functional convergence between them. Increased diversification is cause...

This paper proposes novel algorithms for computing doublesize modular multiplications with few modulus-dependent precomputations. Low-end devices such as smartcards are usually equipped with hardware Montgomery multipliers. However, due to progresses of mathematical attacks, security institutions such as NIST have steadily demanded longer bit-lengths for public-key cryptography, making the mult...

Abstract This article presents a model in which distributional conflict and cross-sectoral interactions between demand supply side forces determine inflation developing countries. We show that the standard macroeconomic policy recommendations of targeting balanced budgets (i) increase volatility by amplifying external shocks (ii) can lead to premature deindustrialization. The recent Brazilian e...